Against the Professors

The Six Forbidden Histories Against the Professors present extensive evidence that much of history and prehistory taught in our schools and universities is the product of large-scale fabrication, destruction or suppression of important sources.

Each chapter is a separate History with reference to a different period, spanning from the dawn of mankind and civilisation up to 1204, when Europe’s largest and richest city, Constantinople, was raided and depopulated.

This work is not a polemic against all professors indiscriminately. On the contrary, it is supportive of those who serve high educational ideals.

SUMMARIES OF THE SIX HISTORIES:

1. The first History investigates a network of scientists who flooded the most reputable international journals with fake scientific research results. After one of the fraudsters was exposed in 2004, the entire Frankfurt University Institute of Anthropology and Human Genetics was forced to close down. The German authorities forbade a press conference that was planned to provide explanations. The entire case was closed. Neither the academic world nor the media could discover that the Institute systematically produced fake science to support German racial superiority theories.  The same Institute had systematically suppressed highly important discoveries made by other scientists who worked from the 1960s to the 1990s in the gigantic Petralona cave complex. For hundreds of thousands of years the entrance of that cave was sealed by natural means, and as a result it remained inaccessible. For this reason, the Petralona cave complex is a unique time capsule which has preserved information coming from the very distant past. It is hard to find another cave in the world that has attracted so much interest amongst the scientific community. There are powerful indications it contains, among other finds, the world’s earliest man-made masonry structures and the earliest use of fire. The leading scientist of the Petralona cave, Dr Aris Poulianos, has been sidelined and defamed by the academics who supported Protsch for many years. After over 100 legal cases and some assassination attempts on his life, Poulianos who is now 95 is still waiting for the international academic community to deal with the fraudsters.

2. Mankind’s Creators presents a number of archaeological and other discoveries which confirm the ancient Greek sources on the native pre-historic civilisation they described. It is now proven that the people of the Aegean were building sophisticated boats as early as 130,000 years ago, and in various waves they colonised much of Europe, Asia and Africa. During the Neolithic period they developed the advanced Civilisation of the Goddess – Mother Earth Demeter. At least some 7,300 years ago they were using a highly complex script consisting of 5,400 different symbols and were the earliest in the use of metallurgy and advanced astronomy.

3. The ancient philosopher Plato claimed that he had discovered information about a prehistoric city called Atlantis by studying the archive of his ancestor Solon. The academic establishment dismisses this case as fictitious. Professor Stavros Papamarinopoulos is an exception. He has observed that many of the professors who reject Plato did not study the relevant ancient Greek texts in detail, and others who claimed they knew such texts often mistranslated them. For example, according to Papamarinopoulos, they understand the word nisos as island, but in ancient texts this word is used to define any land which was close to the sea and not just an island. According to this important observation Atlantis was not necessarily an island…

Historical Atlantis and the first Europeans presents recent scientific, archaeological and human genome discoveries which confirm the ancient Greek reports on the founding of Atlantis by colonisers who originated from southern Greece. It also brings to light further material which elucidates the prehistoric colonisation of the Atlantic, Italy and other regions, as well as the origin of the tribes which constructed Stonehenge and other megalithic monuments.

4. From the fourth century CE onwards the Hellenic, Latin and other polytheist peoples suffered repeated genocides from invading Germanic tribes which followed the Arian Christian heresy. Within two centuries of devastating incursions and raids, much of Western Europe sank into an extreme version of religion which forbade the study of anything that was not approved by the Church. Civilisation in the Greco-Roman world which resisted the Germanic barbarians and remained free, did not sink to its lowest depths as it occurred in central and northern Europe. The Pagans Exterminated is based on a new analysis of the ancient sources, which goes contrary to well-established versions of history. A band of modern professors developed the theory that at about the same time as these invasions began, the Greeks and the Romans did not really exist because they had mixed extensively with various other racial groups. According to this version of history, the only people racially related to the original populations who had created the Greco-Roman civilisation were the invading Germanic tribes themselves. This deceptive theory deprived the native southern populations of their legitimate inheritance as founders and leaders of the Greco-Roman world. It was fabricated by the Germanic academic establishment in order to justify not only the earlier, but also the nineteenth century invasions of southern Europe.

5. Up to the 1970s most professors were aware of the ancient Greek laws which forbade homosexuals from becoming politicians, priests or lawyers, acquiring any public office, serving in the army, being awarded public honours or even presenting a scholarly thesis. Other ancient Greek laws also clearly stated that the penalty for paedophiles was death because their crime was a hybris, meaning an unforgivable insult to men and the Gods. From the 1970s onwards much evidence of this kind was gradually marginalised and forgotten. Professors with Psychosexual Disorders brings to light that thanks to the manipulation of ancient material by one German and one English professor, the contemporary academic establishment accepts that the ancient Greek culture celebrated homosexuality and paedophilia. Nobody seems to be investigating whether this academic trend began by heterophobic professors who distorted and misinterpreted ancient material under the influence of their own psychosexual disorders.

6. The wars between the invading Germanic tribes and the Greco-Roman Empire for the control of Italy lasted for centuries and provided the pretext for the Schism between Catholicism and Orthodoxy. By the eleventh century, Norman mercenaries had betrayed their Greek employers and had established their control of southern Italy. During the same period a number of German and French mercenary armies in Asia Minor were betraying their Greek employers to the benefit of the invading Islamic tribes.

The Crusaders against Christianity brings to light evidence deriving from medieval sources which goes against well-established academic theories and reveals that all first four Crusades aimed at the capture of Constantinople, the richest city and capital of Europe for a number of centuries. During the same period the Western Europeans were attacking from the west and the north, Islam was instructing many Asian and African peoples to attack the Greeks from the east and the south. After centuries of never-ending wars, and thanks to synchronized attacks of countless barbarian tribes coming from every direction for booty, the mighty Greek Christian Empire which included the most populous and richest regions of the medieval world, was depopulated and reduced to ashes. For centuries, both the Muslim and the European slave markets were busy buying and selling millions of Greek slaves.

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In accordance with the Copyright Design and Patents Act 1988

First published as a printed book on 12 December 2019

ISBN 9781999369101

292 Pages

 

BOOK CONTENTS

1.   Valid, Fake and False Homo Theories
(excerpts HERE )

1.1.   Professors against Science

1.2.   Superior and Inferior Races?

1.3.   The First Human?

1.4.   Prehistoric World War: The Skull, Nazis and Professors in PetralonaCave 

 

2.  Mankind’s Creators
(excerpts HERE)

2.1.   The Makers of People

2.2.   Above and Under the Sea

2.3.   Born Special, or made by Education?

 

3.  Ellinatlantes
(excerpts HERE)

3.1.   Archaeology against Professors

3.2.   Atlantis

3.3.   The Origin of Northern Europeans

3.4.   From Catastrophe to Revival

3.5.   The Origins of Greco-Roman identity

 

4.   The First Genocides of the Pagans
(excerpts HERE)

4.1.   Professors against the Identity of the Post-Classical Greeks

4.2.   Fake Texts and Misinterpretation

4.3.   Fake Texts and Christian Law against Pagan Greeks

4.4.   Genocide upon Genocide

4.5.   Baptised Infidels

 

5.   Professors with Psychosexual Disorders?
(excerpts HERE)

5.1.   Ancient Greek Homophobia and the Emergence of Licht

5.2.   Altering the Meaning of Ancient Greek Words

5.3.   Doveriasis

 

6.   Crusaders against Christianity
(excerpts HERE)

6.1.   Eastern and Western Christianity: A Background of Separation

6.2.   How did the Crusades Start?

6.3.   First Crusade and Norman Anti-Hellenism

6.4.   Second Crusade against the Greek Empire

6.5.   Third Round: Venetian, Norman and German invasions

6.6.   The Fourth Raid of the Antichrist

6.7.   The Eastern Christian Counter-offensive

 

Transliteration of Greek names

There is no consensus as to how some Greek letters and names should be transliterated in English. Here I use a combination of contemporary and earlier trends. I do not suggest a uniform method to solve this long-lasting problem.

G. S.

 

Foreword 1

The concept of Europe is very much under review at present. Where did its civilisation originate? What were the opposing forces? Who ended up dominating the political field over long periods? Our education has traditionally given us well-established directions, but now is the time to review the evidence. George Saos puts before us the original sources that challenge the validity of the history we have been taught. He sets the southern Mediterranean cultures against the northern barbarian invasions; and the eastern Roman/Byzantine glory against the western Roman disintegration. Far from a single European entity or identity, he unpicks the counter strands and counter cultures that have battled and are still battling behind the current political façade.

This text will stimulate thought and response in everyone concerned about the integrity of Europe’s component peoples and how we got where we are today. 

Brenda Stones        Oxford

 

Foreword 2

History books, especially when well written and documented, are extremely valuable. They provide a reference point and by comparing recent events to similar events in the past, useful conclusions for the present and future can be derived. The saying “those who forget history are compelled to relive it” by Santayana is true.

George Saos presents striking new lessons learned from the past. In the last and longest Forbidden History of the book, Constantinople the capital of the most powerful Christian Empire for centuries, was implementing a foreign policy of appeasement, compassion and inclusion of alien cultures. Constantinople even opened its gates to welcome the 4th Crusade as an allied Christian force, but the Crusaders looted the city and burned the world’s most important art and libraries. The Eastern provinces were also invaded and Islamized by barbarians, to the extent that the former heartland of the greatest Christian power now is a Muslim state called Turkey. This should be a lesson to the entire Christian world, as to where the conflict between the two Christian superpowers (US and Russia) and the modern reckless admission and settlement of millions of Muslims in Europe are going to end.

Kleomenis Paraskevas
New York

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SAMPLE FROM THE KEYWORDS

Reiner Protsch von Zieten; Hans Fleischhacker SS, Josef Mengele SS, Auschwitz; Emil Breitinger SS; Piltdown Man hoax; Charles Dawson; Robert Knox; Arthur de Gobineau; Friedrich Engels reactionary peoples; Henry Pratt Fairchild Greek monopoly; Toronto August 1918 anti-Hellenic pogroms; Soviet Union Greeks exterminated; Nordic-Germanic tribes; Homininae; Homo erectus; Homo sapiens; Homo pekinensis; Homo erectus trigliensis; out of Africa theory; Nordicist academic establishment;

Petralona Homo Archanthropus europaeus petraloniensis;

stratigraphic palaeomagnetic; skeleton skull; orthognathy

Greco-Roman civilisation, myth link to the beginning, Civilisation of the Goddess Magna Mater Demeter Amphictyonis, Titan Promytheas Leader Before the Commencement, PyrrhaWoman of Fire, Deukalion Man of Water, Ellin Man of Light, ethnos, Ellas The Land of Light, Pelasgian tribes, Protoellines, Asios of Samos, God Zeus, Pausanias, Strabo, Arcadia, Thessaly, Olympus, Climatologists, cranio-skeletal remains, stone-made tools, Dardanos, Black Sea, Milankovitć circles, Limnos, south of Samothrace, clay stoves, seismogenic, micro-nutrients, frying pans, Louis Roussos astronomy compasses, Pregnancy Due Date Ceramic Calculators, archaeo-astronomical studies, obsidian, Dispilio-Vinca script, Gyaros, Marija Gimbutas, megaliths, Voiôn Pavlopetri, Amphictyonies Leagues, Phthia, Anthili, Delphi Apollon, Spartans, Lacedaemonians, Panellines, Olympic Games, Herculean racial descent, paideia, International Human Genome Project.

Charles MacLaren, Heinrich Schliemann, Troy, Mycenae, Alice Kober Linear B, Constantinos Ktistopoulos, Michael Ventris, Minoans, Homer, Odyssey, Iliad, Linear A, Plato, Stavros Papamarinopoulos, Cadiz, Atlas, Ellinatlantes, Amazir, Antaios Temple of the Stars in Mzora Morocco, Mesoura Mzoura, Hyperborean Celts Great Britain, Ireland, Amphion Pyramid of the Heroes Thebes, Minyes, pyramid of Argos, Ellinatlantic world, Chinese jade, Knossos, Carthaginians, St. Laurence Lake Superior, Royal Island, aryballos Geometric period, tobacco insect, Kratis Mallotis globes, ice age, permafrost, Scandinavia, Balkans, Ellinoskythes Russia, Ukraine, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Moldavia, Georgia, Armenia, Delos Holy Island, blue eyes, Melanin, Pre-Iron Age civilisation, Thera Santorini volcano, microclimatic conditions, springs, earthquakes, Homerides of Chios, Triki advanced medicine, Anaximandros of Miletos big bang, Democritos atoms, Diophantos of Alexandria algebra, Eratosthenes diameter of earth, Ktisivios clocks and pumps, Antikythera Calculator, Polytheist Rome, Germanic tribes, Barbarenland, Arabic tribes, Constantinople New Rome, German warlords, political propaganda, Vatatzis, Constantine the Great, Pope, Romellines, Emperor Julian, Evandros, Arcadians, Lupercalia Lycaones Lycaon, Graikoi Greeks, Selloi, Nordicists, Austrians in Italy, Bavarians king Otto, Hieronymus Wolf, Romania, Kaiser Wilhelm, Byzantines, Maria Theresia, Greco-Roman Christian Empire, Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, Ottomans, Euro-Islamic alliance, Genocide of the Armenians, Jacob Philipp Fallmerayer, Castlereagh, Council of Vienna, Romilly Jenkins, Greek revolutionaries, The Dilessi Murders, Anthony Kaldellis, Old Testament Torah Pentateuch, Ras Shamra, Canaanite texts, Babylon, King Minos, Genesis, Babyloniaca, Berosos, Aegyptiaca, Manetho, Russell E. Gmirkin, Marah, Library of Alexandria, idols, philosophers, daemons, prostitute, cannibalism, Gods, Hellenic abominations, Adversus Judaeos, Chrysostom, Arianists, Constantine the Great, Libanios, Theodosios, German-Hun tribes, Sarmatians and Alans, Alarich, Valens, Rhine frontiers, Persian Empire, Danube frontiers, Thessalonica, Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, Goths, Arbogast, Rome, Stilicho, Vandal, Claudian, Zosimos, Arkadios, Genocide in Greece, Prokopios, Salarian Gate, pagan temples, Eutropios, Theodoretus, Skythopolis, Josephus, Socrates Church historian, Olympic Games, Kosmas Indicopleustes, Catherine Nixey, Persian King Chosroes, Athens Academy, Leo the Mathematician, complicated automata, Photios, Temples of Knowledge, Psellos, Scholarios, Juvenalius, Eleusinian Mysteries, anastenaria, Paul Brandt Hans Licht, homophobia, homosexuality, paedophilia, homosexuals, hybris, death penalty, evriproktos, kinedos, aporafanidosis, public flogging,  savage torturing, defamatory anti-Greek material Otto Liman von Sanders, Achilles, Patroclus, psychiatrists, homovores, lack of empathy, Hephaestion, Alexander the Great, Roxane, Telesippe, Kallisthenis of Olynthos, poet Sappho, Lesbos island, misogynists, prostitute, Dover-Licht school, propaganda against Lesbos, orgy, orgies (seeds, fruits or crops), eros, ero-tisis, aphrodisia, pseudepigrapha, Zeus, Ganymedes, 1974 Cyprus, NATO, Kenneth J. Dover, Western and Eastern Christianity, Islamic expansionism, Islamic yoke, Fourth Crusade 1204, Steven Runciman, Muslim Jihadists, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Gibbon, Enlightenment, Byzantinists, Western Roman world, Gallia, Celts, Franks, Angles, principalities and baronies, Rome and Constantinople, Pope Silverius, General Belisarios, Italy, Pope Gregory II, Islamic attacks, Donation of Constantine, Balkans, Sicily, Iconoclast Controversy, Charlemagne,

Michael I, Aachen, Apostle Andrew, Apostle Peter, Pope John XII,

Filioque, Holy Spirit, Nikephoros Phokas, Liutprand of Cremona, Otto II, Otto III, Gerbert of Aurillac, Normans, Cardinal Humbert Great Schism, Mediterranean coastline, prolonged Genocide, Aegean, Iberia, France, Fréjus, Pisa, Narbonne, Antibes, Constantinople megapolis, hippodrome, banks, insurance companies, orchestras, theatres, fashion shows, hairdressers, hospitals, icons, frescoes, mosaics, silk, incenses, choirs, Holy Communion, Patriarch, Sheep of God, Shepherd God, Wolves of God, Kievan Russia, Patzinaks, Armenia, Robert Grispin, Mesopotamia, Kurdistan, Transcaucasia, Manzikert, Germans, French, Roussel of Bailleul, Bithynia, Bosporos, Caesar Ioannis, Pontos, Black Sea, Alexios I Komnenos, Persians, Arabs, Emperor Herakleios, Robert Guiscard, Archbishop Alfanus I of Salerno, First Crusade, Pope Urban II, Piacenza, Peter the Hermit, Peter the Cuckoo, Hungarian civilians, Sophia, Asia Minor, Nicaea, brigands and robbers, Bohemond, Germanic bands, Gottschalk, Jews, Justinian, swear fidelity, Count Raoul, Pyrrhos, Stephen of Blois, Pope Paschal II, Dyrrachion, Tancred, Raymond of Poitiers, Antioch, Emperor Manuel, Amalric, Second Crusade, Louis VII, Conrad III, Odo of Deuil, Niketas Choniates, bishop of Langress, Attalia, Holy Warriors of Satan, Raynald of Châtillon, Venetians, Venice, Genoese quarter, Pisan, Henry II Jasomirgott Duke of Austria, Damietta, Egypt, Myriokephalon, Frederick Barbarossa, Andronikos coup d’état, Genoese, Maronite, Jacobite, Magnus of Reichersberg, Thessalonica, Branas, anti-Hellenic hysteria, Geoffrey De Vinsauf, Turks, Otto of St Blasien, Komneniasis, Gesta Innocenti, Henry VI, Albania, Montenegro, Irene Torniki Palaiologina, Martin of Pairis, Boniface Marquess of Monferrat, Alexios III, Alexios IV, Hagenau, German King Philip, Doge Dandolo, Zara, Robert de Clari, Devastatio Constantinopolitana, fires, Kaloyannis, riots, Muslim quarter, angel of evil, Western propagandists, skirmishes, Senate, Nikolaos Kannavos, Doukas, slaughter, psychological warfare, Virgin Mary icon, Laskaris, plunder, Pairis, forerunners of the Antichrist, precious ancient statues, mechanical singing birds, slaves, refugees, emigrants, Epirus, Bulgarians, Baldwin decapitated, Michael Palaiologos, Alexios Strategopoulos, Patriarch Michael IV Autoreianos, Orthodoxy, Zoe Sophia Palaiologina, Moscow the Third Rome, Ivan III, Principality of Muscovy

 

 

SAMPLE FROM THE NOTES

[1] Wilhelm Protsch (1899-1971), a hero of the First World War, awarded with the Iron Cross. Wilhelm was one of the earliest members of the Nazi party and one of its most effective street fighters and leaders of paramilitary units which exterminated opponents. During WWII he served as an officer in the special forces. Goebbels was the godfather of his other son, Dieter, later employed as an officer by the US army special forces and secret services.  Wilhelm after WWII received a well paid governmental post.

[1] Interestingly, Fleischhacker means flesh-hack-er.

[1] Discovered missing first by the orthopedist Klaus Dieter Thomann in 2001.

[1] For example, Thadaios Bielitsk, Dimokritos Maniatis, M. J. Mehlman, Thomas Terberger, Martin Street.

[1] David Adam, ‘History of Modern Man unravels as German scholar is exposed as fraud,’ Guardian 19Feb.2005.

[1] For example, Gottschalk of Orbais and his followers.

[1] Robert Knox, The races of men (London, 1862), pp 42-47, cited by Debbie Challis, The Archaeology of Race: The Eugenic Ideas of Francis Galton and Flinders Petrie (London, 2013), pp. 30-31.

[1] Marija Gimbutas, The Kurgan Culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe, Miriam Robbins Dexter and Karlene Jones-Bley, eds. (Washington, 1997), (henceforth Gimbutas, Kurgan), pp. 173-174:… Cf. Wim M. J. van Binsbergen and Fred C. Woudhuizen, Ethnicity in Mediterranean Protohistory (Oxford, 2011), (henceforth Ethnicity), p. 209: …

[1] For example see Nancy H. Demand, The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History (Chichester, 2011), (henceforth Demand), pp. 118-119.

[1] One such professor was the German Christoph Meiners (1747-1810) … Meiners also coined the term Caucasian Race.

[1] Also see David J. Metzger, The Great Palaeolithic War: How Science Forged an Understanding of America’s Ice Age Past (Chicago, 2015).

[1] Arthur de Gobineau, The Inequality of the Races: the pioneering study of the science of human races, trans. Adrian Collins (Los Angeles, 1966), p. 206-207. See also p. 176 on Greeks mixing with Asians.

[1] Neue Reinische Zeitung newspaper, 13 January 1849.

[1] Eg the Scots, the natives of France and the Slavs.

[1] pp. 49-50: …

[1] Thomas W. Gallant et al., The 1918 Anti Greek Riot in Toronto (Toronto, 2005).

[1] Princess Anna, daughter of King Vladimir of Kiev, the brother in-law of a Greek Emperor, was also married to the Germanic king of the Franks Henry in 1051…

[1] By the Polish geologist Gerard Gierlinski in 2009.

[1] Graecopithecus Freybergi, also known as Ouranopithecus Macedoniensis.

[1] See George Koufos and L. de Bonis, ‘The Late Miocene hominoids Ouranopithecus and Graecopithecus. Implications about their relationships and taxonomy,’ pp. 225-240 in Annales de Paléontologie 91.3 (2005); David Cameron, ‘The taxonomic status of Graecopithecus,’ pp. 293-302 in Primates 38.3 (1997). Cf. Mesopithecus pentelici or pentelicus. An El-Greco sample (a tooth) was discovered in 2009, in Bulgaria, near Tsirpan: research conducted by the Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, and the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.

[1] Discovered by J. Skoufos in southern Greece. Stolen from inside the Paleontology Museum in Athens.

[1] A tibia fragment, dated by Stromatography and Paleomagnetism.

[1] (b.1924).

[1] This theory was first published by Aris Poulianos.

[1] The Homo erectus remains discovered in Georgia were dated in the region of 1,8 million years old. See David Lordkipanidze, et al., ‘A Complete Skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology of Early Homo,’ Science 342 (6156), (18 October 2013), pp. 326–331… The discoveries in Jebel Irhoud, Morocco present evidence that some of the earliest Homo sapiens lived there c.300-350,000 years ago. (A new dating shows 315,000).

[1] Katerina Harvati et al., ‘Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia,’ Nature 571 (2019), pp. 500-504.

[1] With Electron Spin Resonance and other dating methods. For a bibliography on most of the dating methods used in Petralona see N. Poulianos, ‘The Absolute Datings of Petralona Cave,’ 14th International Congress of Speleology, 21-28 Aug. 2005 (Kalamos), pp. 172-177.

[1] … Korission lake, Corfu; 750,000 years old on Lesbos) no other such early use of fire has been discovered so far.

[1] As reported by Professor N. Xirotiris in ‘Η καταγωγή των Ελλήνων: μια περιήγηση στο φανταστικό,’ Άρδην 52 (8 Jul. 2010). Xirotiris pointed out that Hennig and his team conducted this research.

[1] Aris N. Poulianos, Η προέλευση των Ελλήνων: εθνογεννετική έρευνα (Athens, 1966²); idem, Η καταγωγή των Κρητών: ανθρωπολογική έρευνα στο νησί της λεβεντιάς (Athens, 1971), pp. 233-254.

[1] Konstantinos Karamanlis senior (1907-1998).

[1] Rupert Ivan Murrill, Petralona Man: a descriptive and comparative study, with new important information on Rhodesian Man (Springfield, Ill., 1981), (henceforth Murrill), p. 23: …

[1] Professors P. Kokkotos and A. Kanellis were in contact with Professors E. Breitinger and O. Sickenberg.

[1] See the photos in Murrill, ed. cit., pp. 63-64, 66-67: the stalagmites were removed long before 1981. Cf. A. G. Latham, H. P. Schwarcz, ‘The Petralona hominid site: Uranium-series re-analysis of Layer 10 calcite and associated palaeomagnetic analyses,’ pp. 135-140 in Archaeometry (1992).

[1] There are some reports that some of those finds are kept in the University of Hanover.

[1] For a detailed presentation of all stromatography research in Petralona see N. Poulianos, ‘Σπήλαιο Πετραλώνων Χαλκιδικής: απόλυτες χρονολογήσεις ιζημάτων και ευρημάτων. Δεδομένα στρωματογραφίας και σχετικών χρονολογήσεων,’ pp. 72-84 in Αρχαιολογία 101 (Dec.2006), henceforth N. Poulianos.

[1] With the application of Electron Spin Resonance.

[1] G. Hennig (also Henning), W. Herr, E. Webert, N. Xirotiris, Nature, 6 August 1981. G. Shen and Y. Yokohama gave older dates in 1984 but they have been marginalised.

[1] Cf. R. Protsch, N. Xirotiris, W. Henke, G. Hennig, M. Schultz, ‘Petralona. Analysis based on the cleaned splachnocranium and neurocranium,’ 1er Congrès international de paléontologie humaine. Résumés des Communications, 16-21 Oct. Nice (1982). Trying to conceal his actions, Protsch even wrote a letter to Poulianos trying to put the blame solely on Xirotiris.

[1] See Zusammenfassung des Berichts der Kommission zum Umgang mit wissenschaftlichem Fehlverhalten. Anhang zur Pressemitteilung der Universität Frankfurt Nr. 038 vom 17. Februar 2005.

[1] For one of the latest defamations of Aris Poulianos see Dimitra Papagianni and Michael A. Morse, The Neanderthals Rediscovered (London, 2015²), pp. 60-1.

[1] Cf. Murrill, ed. cit., p. 256: Murrill did not reject 700,000 nor 300,000 years; pp. 42-44 on the different dates provided by different methods up to 1981.

[1] See S. Papamarinopoulos et. al., ‘Sediments from Petralona cave, Greece,’ Archaeometry 29 (1987).

[1] Katerina Harvati, ‘Petralona: Link between Africa and Europe?’ pp. 31-47 in New Directions in the Skeletal Biology of Greece, Hesperia Supplements, vol. 43 (2009), (henceforth Harvati), p. 31 (Middle Pleistocene); p. 43 (similarities to Sima 5 Cranium)…

[1] See Frankfurter Allgemaine Zeitung (8 Jan. 1981), Nun ist der Mensch von Heidelberg wieder der älteste Europas…

[1] A. G. Wintle and J. A. Jacobs, ‘A Critical Review of the Dating Evidence for Petralona Cave,’ pp. 39-47 in Journal of Archaeological Science 9 (1982),…[1] Also known as Henning.

[1] Cf. Harvati, ed. cit., pp. 31-47…: 1. Rainer Grün, ‘A Re-Analysis of Electron Spin Resonance Dating Results Associated with the Petralona Hominid,’ in Journal of Human Evolution 30 (1996), pp. 227-241. …; 2. H. P. Schwarcz, Y. Liritzis, and A. Dixon, ‘Absolute Dating of Travertines from the Petralona Cave, Khalkidiki, Greece,’ pp. 152-167 in Anthropos 7 (1980); 3. Hennig et al. 1981…

[1] For example see the results of the various research published by Professors Papastephanou, Ikeya and Miki in N. Poulianos ed. cit., (101) p. 80.

…: D. Gantt, N. Xirotiris, B. Kurten, J. Melentis, ‘The Petralona dentition – Hominid or Cave Bear?’ Journal of Human Evolution 9 (1980), pp. 483-487.

[1] ‘Skandal um Anthropologie Professor Protsch-Vermessen in jeder Hinsicht,’ Süddeutsche Zeitung (19May2010).

[1] Demosthenes Koukounas, Η ελληνική οικονομία κατα την Kατοχή και η αλήθεια για τα κατοχικά δάνεια (Athens, 2012).

[1] For example, see Iosif Lazaridis et al., ‘Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans,’ Nature 2 Aug. 2017; Konstantinos Triantafillidis, Η γεννετική καταγωγή των Ελλήνων (Thessaloniki, 2017).

[1] J. Lawrence Angel, The People of Lerna: analysis of a prehistoric Aegean population (Athens, 1971).

[1] See, for example, Marija Gimbutas, The Civilisation of the Goddess (San Francisco, 1991), (henceforth Gimbutas, Civilisation), map on p. 14, pp. 16-17: photos of Sesklo; Gimbutas, Kurgan, pp. 118-134; Marija Gimbutas, The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe 6500-3500 BC: Myths and Cult Images (London, 1982), pp. 16, 21; Marija Gimbutas, The Language of the Goddess (San Francisco, 1989), pp. 337-353: maps with archaeological sites, p.  341: central Greece.

[1] For this myth see Pseudo-Apollodorus (1^st-2^nd c.CE), Bibliotheca 5-6, ed. R. Wagner, Apollodori bibliotheca. Pediasimi libellus de duodecim Herculis laboribus (Leipzig, 1891), p. 10. Some scholars claim this tradition is related to Enuma Elish.

[1] This appears in some aspects to be the equivalent of the Matarisvan tradition.

[1] Stated by Hesiod (fl. c.700 BCE), fragm. 9, ed. R. Merkelbach and M.L. West, Fragmenta Hesiodea (Oxford, 1967), p. 7.

[1] Also spelled as Hellēnes. Cf. Ἕλλανες (also Ἑλλανοδίκης) in Doric.

[1] This term refers to any group consisting of any type of living creatures (e.g. insects, birds, mammals, people)… common ancestry, or language, or culture or religious beliefs regardless of race, geography or language. A political ethnos shares common political aspirations, either regardless of or in combination with racial or religious identities. An ethnos of people may consist of smaller social groups which may or may not have the same racial, political, cultural, linguistic or religious characteristics, but they share at least one of the above. An ethnos of people can also be defined by one or more elements that make it distinguishable from another ethnos. Cf. LSJ; Jonathan M. Hall, Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity (Cambridge, 1997) (henceforth Hall, Ethnic), pp. 34-35.

[1] Some researchers point to modern Phthiotia and others to Magnisia.

[1] Thucydides, Historiae …

[1] Iliad 2.681-4.

[1] During the Trojan war the Pelasgians were divided and fought on both sides…

[1] For example, see Konstantinos Syriopoulos, Η προϊστορική κατοίκησις της Ελλάδος και η γένεσις του ελληνικού έθνους, 4 vols (Athens, 1994), vol. 1, introduction, p. 9. See also maps on pp. 15, 43 (Epirus) and the map in Murrill, ed. cit., pp. 17-20, on the extensive Palaeolithic evidence in central and northern Greece. A researcher should also take into account that the Epirot oracle of Dodone, a Holy Shrine for the Thessalians and for all other Hellenic tribes, was active at least since the Neolithic period.

[1] Herodotos, Historiae  7.95, ed. Haiim B. Rosén, Herodoti Historiae, vol. 2 (Leipzig, vol. 1-1987, vol. 2-1997), henceforth Her. Hist.

[1] Asius, Fragmentum elegiacum 8.1, in Iambi et elegi Graeci, vol. 2, ed. M. L. West (Oxford, 1972).

[1] Hekataios (Hecataeus) of Militos, Fragments, ed. Jacoby, 1a, 1; Fragment 6.-a9: Pelasgos’ son Lycaon was King of Arcadia.

[1] Pausanias, Graeciae descriptio, 8.1.5., ed. F. Spiro, Pausaniae Graeciae descriptio, 3 vols  (Leipzig, 1903)

[1] Based on the lost work of Ephoros.

[1] …: J. A. R. Munro, ‘Pelasgians and Ionians,’ pp. 109-128 in The Journal of Hellenic Studies 27 (1934), p. 118…[1] Coming from Kleisoura canyon and caves, inhabited at least since 100,000 years ago. The finds are displayed in the Archaeological Museum of Nauplio.

[1] In Kleisoura Cave 1 and the Arcadia plain. The second earliest ceramics discovered so far come from the island of Korcula in the Adriatic.

[1] Stated by Professor Ilias Mariolakos to G. Sahinis, Antitheseis.

[1] For example, the search for the recent finds in Apidima cave, Mani peninsula. Some earlier discoveries made by Vittorio Simonelli (1860-1929) also indicated that the earliest Homo sapiens sapiens relics found in Europe are from a cave in Crete. See Fiorenzo Facchini and Gianni Giusberti, ‘Homo sapiens sapiens remains from the island of Crete’ in Controversies in Homo sapiens evolution, Selected papers from the Symposium of Controversies in Homo Sapiens Evolution (Zagreb, 1988), ed. G. Bräuer, F. Smith, pp. 89-208…[1] For the widely circulated fabrication made by two more German professors that some early Indo-Europeans first settled in Germany see, for example, Gimbutas, Kurgan, pp. 5-6, 9, 30. See also Ethnicity, ed. cit, p. 73: the Sea Peoples cannot be reduced to one Indo-European linguistic phylum; pp. 104-105: Pelasgian influences in East Asia and Africa, and Pelasgian roots of the ancient Greek religion; pp. 321-324, the Gods of the Greeks are Pelasgian.

[1] In Naxos. Also search the discoveries of Kopaka and Matzanas on Gavdos island, dating from 200,000-120,000 years BP.

[1] In 2009 Thomas Strasser, Eleni Panagopoulou, Curtis Runnels and Chad DiGregorio discovered a number of such different types of tools in the gorge of Plakias, Crete.

[1] Cf. Hall, Ethnic, ed. cit., pp. 40-51, on Greek mythological genealogy and its earliest witnesses; pp. 43-44…

[1] Reported by Professor Ilias Mariolakos. Cf. Anastasia G. Yanchilina et al., ‘Compilation of geophysical, geochronological, and geochemical evidence indicates a rapid Mediterranean-derived submergence of the Black Sea’s shelf and subsequent substantial salinification in the early Holocene,’ Marine Geology 383, Jan. 2017, pp. 14-34.

[1] Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca 5.47, ed. F. Vogel and K. Fischer, Diodori bibliotheca historica (Leipzig, 1890).

[1] Excavations by Nikos Eustratiou et al., location of Ouriakos, Moudros.  The Agio Galas gigantic cave in Chios, … in Asia Minor and the Middle East, are dated much later than Limnos: see Mario Liverani, The Ancient Near East: history, society and economy (Abingdon, 2014), and Demand, ed. cit., p. 17: Hallan Cemi, 8000 BC. New finds indicate that the earliest discovered agricultural sites in the world are in China, circa 12,000 years BCE or earlier. Some archaeologists accept that farming appears in Greece earlier or at the same time as it first appeared in Kurdistan and the wider region. Cf. Gimbutas, Kurgan, p. 120.

[1] M. Gallego Llorente et al., ‘Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture throughout the African continent,’ pp. 820-822 in Science 350 (2015).

[1] Cf. the tradition that the prehistoric Greek king Danaos was the brother of Aigyptios.

[1] For example, in the mine of Sidirounta next to Papalias (Chios), and for the construction of houses in Kea with roofs made of megaliths.

[1] Archaeological finds indicate that the Minoans were present in Palestine more than 5000 years ago, and a number of ancient sources name the Philistines as Hellēnes. This is confirmed also by archaeological DNA research results.

[1]  For example, Kongsberg in Norway and Bernstorfer Berg in Germany. It has been proved that the Aegeans were taking tin from Cornwall UK at least five millennia ago. See also Professor Kjell Aartun and the Minoan inscription found in the Baltic.

[1] Also called tiganoshima (τηγανόσχημα).

[1] On the island of Milos.

[1] N. Laskaris, A. Simpson, F. Mavridis, I. Liritzis, ‘Late Pleistocene / Early Holocene seafaring in the Aegean: new obsidian hydration dates with the SIMSS-SS method,’ in Journal of Archaeological Science 38.9 (2011), pp. 2475-2479.

[1] For example, see Gimbutas, Civilisation, ed. cit., map on p. 14, pp. 16-17: photos of Sesklo and idem et al., Achilleion: A Neolithic Settlement in Thessaly, Greece, 6400-5600 BC (Los Angeles, 1989), pp. 1-3, 180-181, also for the cults of early deities.

[1] See Hecataeus of Miletus, Fragment 224, ed. cit. : Leleges Pelasgians who left from Thessaly and colonised Asia Minor, in the region of Troy; Her., Hist. 7.95: Pelasgians lived in Asia Minor and Thrace. See also John Chapman, The Vinca Culture of South-East Europe: Studies in chronology, economy and society, 2 vols (Oxford, 1981), (henceforth Chapman), vol. 1, p. 51: in the fourth millennium BCE the central Balkans had a much larger population than Asia Minor and the Middle East; Michel Séfériadés, ‘Vinca et l’archéologie Grecque,’ pp. 175-181 in Vinca and its World, International Symposium (Beograd, 1990), for the similarities between the various Pelasgian cultures.

[1] Also known as the Dispilio tablet, discovered by George Hourmouziadis.

[1] William O’Brien, Prehistoric Copper Mining in Europe 5500-500 BC (Oxford, 2015).

[1] They became known as Vinca signs or Danube script.

[1] Excavations conducted by Adamantios Sampson, The Cave of Cyclops: Mesolithic and Neolithic Networks in the Northern Aegean, Greece 2 vols (Philadelphis, 2008-).

[1] Francesco Menotti and Aleksey Korvin-Piotrovskiy, eds., The Tripolye Culture Giant-Settlements in Ukraine: Formation, Development and Decline (Oxford, 2012). Also known as Tripolskaya or Tripyllia. Not known up to the 1960s and flourished from 5-8000 years ago in a region spanning from Romania to Ukraine.

[1] Cf. Chapman, ed. cit., vol. 1, p. 33: in the 20^th century there was no consensus as to where the Vinca culture came from. The early researchers were not aware of Dispilio, Sporades etc., as such discoveries were made much later.

[1] Eg. Prometheas, Hermes, Cretans, Danaos, Mousaios, Palamidis, Kadmos, Phoenicians. Mentioned by Panagiotis Mitropetros, ‘Η εξέλιξη της γραφής,’ lecture in Εταιρεία Μελέτης Αρχαίας Ελληνικής Μυθολογίας, 5th Oct. 2017 (Athens). Mitropetros, among others, accepts that the classical Greek alphabet derives from the Sinaitic Egyptian script.

[1] E. J. W. Barber, ‘On the Origins of the vily/rusalki,’ pp. 6-47 in Miriam Robbins Dexter et al., Varia on the Indo-Euroean Past: Papers in Memory of Marija Gimbutas, Journal of Indo-European Studies 19 (1997), on the similarities between the archaeological finds in Greece, northern Balkans and Ukraine-Russia.

[1]… For such sites see, for example, George Terence Meaden, The Goddess of the Stones (London, 1991), pp. 53-54: the Swinside circle of megaliths in Cumbria, most probably made in the 4^th millennium BCE. It is one of about 1300 stone circles in the British Isles and France. It resembles the outer circle in Mzora described later. For a similar circular structure see Poskaer Stenhus in Denmark, in Palle Eriksen and Niels H. Andersen, ‘Dolmens without mounds in Denmark,’ pp. 79-87 in The Megalithic Architectures of Europe, ed. Luc Laporte and Chris Scarre (Oxford, 2016).

[1] For example, see Iosif Lazaridis et al., ‘Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present- day Europeans,’ pp. 409-413 in Nature 513 (2014).

[1] Cf. J. L. Myres, ‘A History of the Pelasgian Theory,’ pp. 170-225 in Journal of Hellenic Studies 27 (1907). Also see the sources cited by Armen Y. Petrosyan, The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern sources of the Armenian Epic, Journal of Indo-European Studies 42 (Washington, 2002), pp. 44, 167 on Armenos, the first Armenian who came from the Pelasgian Argos of Thessaly. Some of those tribes were the Absinthioi, Achaioi, Aigyptioi (Egyptians), Ainianes, Armenioi (Armenians), Bithynoi, Celtes (Celts), Danaoi, Dardanes, Dodones, Doliones, Edones, Ethyopes (Ethyopians), Etruskoi (Etruscans), Fthioi, Gerginoi, Haones, Ilioi, Illyrioi (Albanians), Kares, Kaukones, Kranaoi, Krystones, Kikones, Kilikes (Cilicians), Krites (Cretans), Leleges, Lykaones, Lydioi, Lysioi, Moisoi, Mygdones, Minyes, Myrmidones, Paflagones, Paiones, Pannonians (Hungarians), Perraivoi, Phryges, Sinties, Teukroi, Thrakes, Tyrrinoi-Tyrsinoi, Visaltes, Votoi, Vryges, the Mollosoi who once had followed King Pyrrhos (319-272BCE), the Ellinoskythes (Slavs), the Dacians (Vlachs) and Getae of Romania followers of King Douras and philosopher Zamolxis who was resurrected three days after his death. Some of those early tribes, such as the Ionians, are also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as brothers of the Jewish people. See Ethnicity, ed. cit, pp. 255-256: the Hellenic Danaoi settling in Israel; pp. 273-283: the Pelasgians settled in Palestine and Italy. In the Hebrew Genesis, one of the grandsons of Noah is called ‘Javan.’ The ancient Greek Septuagint version of the Old Testament has this name translated as “Ionas.” Also see  Ιωυαν: Γένεσις 10:2-6, ed. A. Rahlfs, Septuaginta, 2 vols (Stuttgart, 1935). This is no other than the singular of ‘Ionians.’ The Old Testament, by naming Noah as the ancestor of both the Jews and the Ionians, presents a theory of common descent for both these ancient peoples. In another Old Testament passage, in Joel, there is a report that some residents of the ancient cities of Tyre and Sidon captured certain Jews and then sold them as slaves to the ‘Jevanim.’ This is the plural of Javan-Ionas seen above. However, in the ancient Greek version of Joel the ‘Jevanim’ has been translated as ‘Greeks.’  The Bible also refers to the Kittim, Caphthorim, Dodanites, Ludim (Lydians), Meshech (Moesians) peoples who have Protohellenic roots.

 

 

 

 

 

[1] Or a part of it, or another city near the original Voiôn. Voiôn was known to Homer.

[1] See the online available videos with Pavlopetri in their title, produced by archaeologists.

[1] At about the same time (c.3100 BCE) with Voiôn, Uruk in Mesopotamia had a population of 50,000 people. For earlier structures serving as foundations for later ones see, for example, Borja Legarra Herrero, ‘What Happens When Tombs Die? The Historical Appropriation of the Cretan Bronze Age Cemeteries,’ pp. 265-285 in Marta Diaz-Guardamino et al., eds., The Lives of Prehistoric Monuments in Iron Age, Roman, and Medieval Europe (Oxford, 2015).

[1] Dan Monah, Anthropomorphic representations in the Cucuteni-Tripolye culture (Oxford, 2016), pp. 29, 48, 99, 132: pre-cultural-historical religious traditions and rituals in Greece, Romania and Moldavia. Cf. Giulia Sfameti Gasparro, festschrisft, Demeter, Isis, Vesta and Cybele: studies in Greek and Roman religion, eds. Attilio Mastrocinque et al. (Stuttgart, 2012); Margueritte Rigoglioso, Virgin Mother Goddesses of Antiquity (New York, 2010).

[1] Homer, Iliad II, 683-684: οἵ τ’ εἶχον Φθίην ἠδ’ Ἑλλάδα καλλιγύναικα, Μυρμιδόνες δὲ καλεῦντο καὶ Ἕλληνες καὶ Ἀχαιοί. Thucydides also explained in his Histories where the early Ellines (Hellēnes) lived: Thu., Hist. I, 3-6; Cf. Edith Hall, Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy (Oxford, 1989), p. 8.

[1] At this point it is important to note that according to archaeologists the prehistoric Thessalians were living in Delphi too.

[1] Her., Hist., 8.144, ed. cit., vol. 2, pp. 382-3: …

[1] With theatres, educational foundations, stadia, agoras etc.

[1] E.g. Homer, Iliad II, 530; Hesiod, Opera et dies, v. 528, ed. F. Solmsen (Oxford, 1983²), p. 72; Archilochos (d. c. 652 BCE), fragment 102, ed. M.L. West, Iambi et elegi graeci, 2 vols (Oxford, 1971), vol. 1, p. 40.

[1] For example, see Michael Flower, ‘From Simonides to Isocrates: The Fifth-Century Origins of Fourth-Century Panhellenism’ in Classical Antiquity 19.1 (2000), pp. 65-101, on ancient Greek authors who promoted alliances between the ancient Greeks against the Persians. Idem, ‘Alexander the Great and Panhellenism’ in Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction, eds A. Bosworth, E. Baynham (Oxford, 2000), pp. 96-135 on different Greek powers and intellectuals (Alexander in particular) who pioneered wars for the liberation of all Ellines (Hellēnes), either from the Persians or from one of their own.

[1] Pan-Europa (Vienna, 1923), trans. Pan-Europe (New York, 1926), p. 51. His analysis of the civil wars between Hellēnes was based on German scholars, whose understanding of Hellenic history was often misguided.

[1] It is not known when exactly the first Olympic Games started. Archaeologists have found sanctuaries, probably dedicated to Kronos, Gaia, and other pre-historical deities in Olympia, dated more than 3000 years ago. The earliest alphabetic inscriptions discovered in Olympia date from 776 BCE. Homer reports that in the Bronze-Age there were games organised in honour of earlier heroes.

[1] For example the Lycaea, Pythia, Nemea, Isthmia etc.

[1] E.g. Her., Hist. 5. 22, ed. cit., vol. 2, p. 13.

[1] For example, Ellines coming from different regions constructed a temple in the Egyptian city of Naucratis in the sixth century BCE and called it Ellinion. See Herodotos, Hist. ΙΙ, 178, ed. cit. vol. 1, p. 250; In 401-399 BCE a Hellenic alliance was made of various warriors coming from south-eastern Europe, the islands, Asia Minor and South Italy. Together they formed the famous Ten Thousand Army, commissioned to fight on the side of the Persians. See Thu., Hist. I, 96, on the Ellinotamiai, the treasurers of the Delian League who were so named because they acted on behalf of an alliance formed on the basis of a collective Hellenic ethnic identity.

[1] Her., Hist. I, 6-7, ed. cit., vol. 1, pp. 4-5: oὗτος ὁ Κροῖσος βαρβάρων πρῶτος τῶν ἡμεῖς ἴδμεν τοὺς μὲν κατεστρέψατο Ἑλλήνων… Ἡ δὲ ἡγεμονίη οὕτω περιῆλθε, ἐοῦσα Ἡρακλειδέων, ἐς τὸ γένος τὸ Κροίσου, καλεομένους δὲ Μερμνάδας. Ἦν Κανδαύλης, τὸν οἱ Ἕλληνες Μυρσίλον ὀνομάζουσι, τύραννος Σαρδίων, ἀπόγονος δὲ Ἀλκαίου τοῦ Ἡρακλέος. Ἄγρων μὲν γὰρ ὁ Νίνου τοῦ Βήλου τοῦ Ἀλκαίου πρῶτος Ἡρακλειδέων βασιλεὺς ἐγένετο Σαρδίων …

[1] Isocrates, Panegyricus (Orat. 4), 50, ed. B. G. Mandilaras, Isocrates Opera Omnia, 3 vols (Munich, 2003), vol. 2, pp. 77-8. Trans. G. Norlin, Isocrates, 3 vols (London, 1928), vol. 1, p. 149.

[1] There are eight centuries separating Isocrates from Libanios (314-c.393 CE). See Libanios, Oratio 11, 184, ed. R. Foerster, Libanii Opera, 7 vols (Leipzig, 1903-1911), vol. 1.2, p 499: εἰ δὴ τοῖς λόγοις μᾶλλον ἢ τῷ γένει τὸν Ἕλληνα κλητέον. See also Thucydides in the case of the Ellines of Ambracia in central Greece who invited some Barbarians from the region of Amphilochia to come and live with them. According to Thucydides the latter subsequently adopted the Greek language and were Hellenised: they became Ellines, while the rest of the Amphilocheans remained Barbarian. Thu., Hist., II. 68: … ἡλληνίσθησαν τὴν νῦν γλῶσσαν τότε πρῶτον ἀπὸ τῶν Ἀμπρακιωτῶν ξυνοικησάντων· οἱ δὲ ἄλλοι Ἀμφίλοχοι βάρβαροί εἰσιν. …

[1] His work does not survive, but was examined by Strabo, Geographica A. c 66.9, ed. A. Meineke, Strabonis geographica, 3 vols (Leipzig, 1852, 1853, 1877), vol. 1, p. 87.

[1] Plato, Protagoras, 337.C-D, ed. J. Burnet, Platonis opera, 3 vols (Oxford, 1909²), vol. 3, pp. 336-337: ὑμᾶς συγγενεῖς τε καὶ οἰκείους καὶ πολίτας ἅπαντας εἶναι φύσει, οὐ νόμῳ· τὸ γὰρ ὅμοιον τῷ ὁμοίῳ φύσει συγγενές ἐστιν.

[1] Antiphon, Fragmenta, 1.5, ed. L. Gernet, Antiphon, Discours (Paris, 1923) p. 178: ἐπεὶ φύσει πάντα πάντ[ες] ὁμοίως πεφύκ[α]μεν καὶ βάρβαροι καὶ Ἕλλην[ες] εἶναι· σκοπεῖν δ[ὲ] παρέχει τὰ τῶν φύσει [ὄντων] ἀναγκαί[ων] πᾶσιν ἀν[θρώ]ποις π….. Οὔτε β[άρβα]ρος ἀφώρισται ἡμῶν οὐδεὶς οὔτε Ἕλλην· ἀναπνέομέν τε γὰρ εἰς τὸν ἀέρ[α] ἅπαντες κατὰ τὸ στόμ[α κ]αὶ κατ[ὰ] τὰς ῥῖνας.

[1] Plutarchus, De Alexandri magni fortuna aut virtute in Plutarchi moralia, vol. 2.2, ed. W. Nachstädt (Leipzig, 1935), ex Stephanus p. 329 C: πατρίδα μὲν τὴν οἰκουμένην προσέταξεν ἡγεῖσθαι πάντας, … συγγενεῖς δὲ τοὺς ἀγαθούς, ἀλλοφύλους δὲ τοὺς πονηρούς· τὸ δ’ Ἑλληνικὸν καὶ βαρβαρικὸν μὴ χλαμύδι μηδὲ πέλτῃ μηδ’ ἀκινάκῃ μηδὲ κάνδυι διορίζειν, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν Ἑλληνικὸν ἀρετῇ τὸ δὲ βαρβαρικὸν κακίᾳ τεκμαίρεσθαι.

[1] Euripides Fragmenta, fragm. 1047.3, ed. A. Nauck, Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (Leipzig, 1889²), p. 692: ἅπασα δὲ χθὼν ἀνδρὶ γενναίῳ πατρίς.

[1] Democritus, Fragmenta, fragm. 247, ed. H. Diels, W. Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 3 vols (Berlin, 1952⁶, Repr. 1966), vol. 2, p. 194: ἀνδρὶ σοφῶι πᾶσα γῆ βατή· ψυχῆς γὰρ ἀγαθῆς πατρὶς ὁ ξύμπας κόσμος. Some claim that this might have been first said by Thalis Milisios (Thales of Meletus).

[1] For example, see Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, Alberto Piazza, The History and Geography of Human Genes (Princeton, 1994), (henceforth Cavalli-Sforza et al.),…

[1] The earliest surviving sample of Linear B, discovered by archaeologists, is dated c. 1450 BCE.

[1] Among them, Professor Sinclair Hood (b.1917) in his famous book The Home of the Heroes: The Aegean before the Greeks (London, 1967),…

[1] Monty Woodhouse, a British intelligence officer and a well known author, offered financial support to Captain Manolis Badouvas to promote the independence of Crete…

[1] Cf. the work of Cyrus Gordon (1908-2001). Also see Δάφνη Πουλιανού, Ανατροπές (Athens, 2006) pp. 387-389, cited by Ανθρωπολογική Εταιρεία Ελλάδος.

[1] For example the Cypro-Minoan, Dispilio-Vinca, Harapan scripts. According to Dr Minas Tsikritzis, many Linear A syllabic signs contain the same phonetic elements as Linear B, and come from an early Aeolean Pelasgian dialect. Harikleia Kosmadaki Zografaki has provided one of the latest interpretations of the Phaistos disk,…

[1] See Ethnicity, ed. cit, p. 317: the Etruscan language is closely related to Greek; idem p. 241 on Thomas Gamkrelidze and Vjaceslav Ivanov who proved that Armenian and Greek are related languages; Thomas Gamkrelidze and Vjaceslav Ivanov, Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: a Reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture, 2 vols (Berlin, 1995), vol. 1, p. 761, present the theory that the Greek language started evolving into different dialects in the second millennium BCE…; idem, pp. 794: on the common background of the Greek and Armenian languages; idem pp. 799-805: on the common background of the Balkan and Asia Minor languages; idem pp. 805-6: on the common background of the Greek, Albanian and Armenian languages; Meillet observed that according to Aristotle the Greek language had about 200 different Hellenic dialects spoken in Europe and Asia. This was cited by A. Jardé, The Formation of the Greek People (NY, 1926), p. 231, but without giving a page number for Meillet. Unfortunately Meillet does not have indices in his books so I could confirm this. Cf. Iliad 4.437-8, the Trojans had Pelasgian allies who spoke different dialects.

[1] … This comparison proved that modern Cretans are direct descendants of the same Europeans who inhabited the island more than 5000 years ago. See the discoveries and research in Agios Charalambos cave, Lasithi, Crete by Jeffery R. Hughey, Peristera Paschou, Petros Drineas, Donald Mastropaolo, Dimitra M. Lotakis, Patrick A. Navas, Manolis Michalodimitrakis, John A. Stamatoyannopoulos and George Stamatoyannopoulos, ‘A European population in Minoan Bronze Age Crete,’ Nature Communications 4, Article no. 1861, 14 May 2013:..

[1] As their graves reveal in various locations in Europe. See Ethnicity, ed. cit., p. 103, on Mycenaean artefacts discovered in different European countries. Cf. Johan Ling and Michael Rowlands, ‘The Stranger King (bull) and rock art,’ pp. 89-104, and Alberto Marreta, ‘Trading images: exchange, transformation and identity in the rock art from Valcamonica between the Bronze Age and the Iron Age,’ pp. 105-19 in Peter Skoglund et al., eds., Picturing the Bronze Age (Oxford, 2015); comparative archaeological evidence also proves that many ancient Celtic art motifs are in fact identical to motifs used in Hellenic and Egyptian art.

[1] According to the anonymous author of some comments made on Plato’s Dialogue with Critias, Γάδειρος, most probably a king or leader of Γάδειρα (the ancient name of Cadiz), was son of Atlas. See Scholia Platonica, ed. W.C. Greene, (Haverford, 1938), Dialogue Criti, ex Stephanus page 113d.

[1] They were both sons of Iapetos and Clymene.

[1] From Ellines and Atlantians.

[1] Named thus here because it is an observatory and a shrine combined.

[1] Graham J. Salisbury, ‘Locating the “Missing” Moroccan Megaliths of Mzora,’ pp. 355-60 in Time and Mind: The Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture, vol. 4.3 (Nov. 2011), p. 356: the tradition reported by Plutarchos in his Life of Sertorius states this was the tomb of Titan Antaios. See the videos at …

[1] Cf. μεσουρανίου.

[1] A linguist would also notice the MZR in both Mezure (measure) and Mzora..

[1] And to the dialect of the Athenians and the Delians in particular.

[1] Bibliotheca 2.47. Diodoros was based on earlier works.

[1] S. Brace, Y. Diekmann et al., ‘Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain,’ Nature Ecology & Evolution 3 (2019), pp. 765–771.

[1] For example, see Candido Marciano da Silva, ‘Notes on Archaeoastronomy in Portugal: From first light to dark moon,’ pp. 156-62 and Liz Henty, ‘A voyage around the recumbent stone circles of North-East Scotland,’ pp. 164-8; and more articles in F. Pimenta et al., eds., SEAC 2011 Stars and Stones: Voyages in Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy (Oxford, 2015), on prehistoric monuments and astronomy.

[1] First by Th. Spyropoulos.

[1] For ancient references to the Minyes see, for example, Homer, Iliad 2.511-516; Strabo, Geographica 9.2.40, ed. cit. According to Greek mythology the sailors of Argo who made a prehistoric trip to the Black Sea and Caucasus were Minyes.

[1] For example, see the excavations conducted by Professor Theodoros Spyropoulos in Kopaida, Megali Katavothra. Cf. the studies of Knauss, 1995; Nalbantis and Mavrodimou, 1999.

[1] Odyssey 19.172-177 refers to the five main tribes of Crete whom he calls Acheans, Eteocretes, Kydôneans, Dorians and Pelasgians.

[1] By Hubert Schmidt in south Turkestan.

[1] Eg. a Minoan was leading Black African soldiers to battle.

[1] This Carthaginian trip took place in 86CE. See Plutarchus, De facie in orbe lunae (920b–945e), ed. M. Pohlenz, Plutarchosi moralia, (Leipzig, 1960²), vol. 5.3, pp. 941-2 ex Stephanus. Presented by Dr Tsikritzis to G. Sahinis, Antitheseis.

[1] At the same latitude with the north side of the Caspian Sea, as indicated by Plutarchos.

[1] Both populations belong to the same haplo-group X2. See Maere Reidla et al., ‘Origin and Diffusion of mtDNA Haplogroup X,’ Am J. Hum. Genet., 73.5 (2003), pp. 1178-90.

[1] Carroll L. Riley et al., eds., Man across the Sea: Problems of Pre-Columbian Contacts (Austin, 1971), p. 449.

[1] For example see John Sorenson, ‘The Significance of an Aarent Relationship between the Ancient Near East and Mesoamerica,’ pp. 219-41 in Carroll L. Riley et al., eds., Man across the Sea: Problems of Pre-Columbian Contacts (Austin, 1971), pp. 227-41.

[1] Lasioderma serricorne.

[1] Fossilised after the volcanic eruption, dated to the second millennium BCE.

[1] Also known as Crates of Mallus. The globes depicted Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America and Antarctica or Australia.

[1] See Plato, Phaedo 110.

[1] Cf. Berd Nothofer, ‘Die historisch-vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft und die Hypothese einer Verwandtschaft des Griechischen mit den polynesischen Sprachen in Die deutsche Malaiologie: Festschrift I. Hilgers-Hesse (Heidelberg, 1988), pp. 77-89; Nors S. Josephson, Greek Linguistic Elements in the Polynesian Languages: Hellenicum Pacificum (Heidelberg, 1987).

[1] For example, see Jamie Woodward, The Ice Age: a Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2014), p. 133, figure 31 (a).

[1] Cf. Aivar Kriiska, Tapani Rodstedt and Timo Jussila, ‘The Develoment of Early Mesolithic Social Networks during the Settlement of Virgin Lands in the Eastern Baltic Sea Region – Interpreted through Comparison of Two Sites in Finland,’ pp. 19-40 in Lene Melheim et al., eds., Comparative Perspectives on Past Colonisation, Maritime Interaction and Cultural Intergration (Sheffield, 2016).

[1] E.g. the differences between Ingvaneonic and Austrobavarian, or between Swabian and Upper Saxon.

[1] Meaning ‘swamp’ in Slavic.

[1] Some recent DNA studies prove that modern Germans are genetically Slavic in the same percenatage as the Serbs and the Bulgarians are. See, for example the BEAN Project. Neither the Serbs, the Bulgarians or the Germans are predominantly Slavic, but they all mixed with Slavic populations to a similar extent.

[1] Iosif Lazaridis et al., ‘Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans,’ pp. 409-413 in Nature 513 (2014). Cf. Wolfgang Haak et al., ‘Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe,’ pp. 207-11 in Nature 522 (2015), Erratum Science 351 (2016). These European groups also mixed later with some nomads coming from south and central Russia.

[1] Sesklo was one of several settlements in Thessaly where prehistoric communities were engaged in sophisticated agriculture, farming and domestication of livestock.

[1] For example, see Cavalli-Sforza, et al., ed. cit., p. 257.

[1] Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca 2.47.5, ed. cit. : ἔχειν δὲ τοὺς Ὑπερβορέους ἰδίαν τινὰ διάλεκτον, καὶ πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας οἰκειότατα διακεῖσθαι, καὶ μάλιστα πρὸς τοὺς Ἀθηναίους καὶ Δηλίους (the Athenians and Delians spoke Ionian Greek).

[1] From ὑπερφέρειν (?). For ancient Greek references to these tribes see Tsvete Lazova, The Hyperboreans: a study in the Paleo-Balkan tradition (Sofia, 1996).

[1] For example, see Timothy Bridgman, Hyperboreans, myth and history in Celtic-Hellenic contacts (New York, 2005), pp. 22, 157: …

[1] Mycenaean.

[1] The name Κέλητες (Celts) means horse riders. The first Celt (Κέλτος) in the ancient sources is the son Hercules had with Keltini, the daughter of Bretanos.

[1] See Niketas Choniates, Annals of Niketas Choniates, trans. Harry Magoulias (Detroit, 1984), (henceforth Niketas), p. 73.

[1] See Hans Eiberg et al., ‘Blue eye colour in humans may be caused by a perfectly associated founder mutation in a regulatory element located within the HERC2 gene inhibiting OCA2 expression,’ Human Genetics 123.2, March 2008.

[1] For example, see Demand, ed. cit., p. 82.

[1] New archaeoastronomical studies conducted by Greek scientists indicate the Trojan war took place from 1227-1217 BCE.

[1] Cf. Ethnicity, ed. cit, pp. 223-235, Egyptian, Cypro-Minoan and Ugaritic texts on the three attacks of the Hellenic peoples against Egypt (different dates: 1208, 1179 and 1176 BCE).

[1] Most probably his descendants. There are a few different versions as to where Homer lived and taught. The Chian version is the strongest contender. For sure, Homer was an Ionian.

[1] At one of this city’s sites, archaeologists discovered medical tools which are three millennia years old and look identical to modern ones.

[1] See Favorinus, Fragmenta 93, ed. A. Barigazzi, Favorino di Arelate. Opere (Florence, 1966).  The drones were the size of large pigeons and have been reconstructed by Kostas Kotsanas in the Museum of Ancient Hellenic Technology in Katakolo, Greece.

[1] Aristarchos of Samos, De magnitudinibus et distantiis solis et lunae, ed.  T. Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus (Oxford, 1913).

[1] On Greeks educating Arabs see, for example, Basilios Tatakis, La Philosophie Byzantine (Paris, 1949), trans. Eva Kalpourtzi, Η Βυζαντινή Φιλοσοφία (Athens, 1977), pp. 103-4. The numbers as we now know them were invented by the Indians, not by the Arabs either.

[1] His lost works were examined by Strabo (c.64 BCE-c.21 CE), Cleomēdēs (fl. c.2nd c. CE) and Athēnaios (fl. c.2nd c. CE).

[1] See his works On Automata, Catoptrica, Dioptra, Definitions, Geometrica, Stereometrica, Mechanica, Metrica, ed. W. Schmidt et al., Heronis Alexandrini opera quae supersunt omnia, 5 vols (Leipzig, 1899-1914); this type of engine was used to open gates. See Pneumatica 1.38.

[1] For the complicated and highly advanced analogue calculator found near the island of Antikythēra see Derek de Solla Price, ‘Gears from the Greeks: The Antikythera Mechanism, a Calendar Computer from ca. 80 BCE’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 64.7 (1974), pp. 1-70; Chrēstos Lazos, Ὁ Ὑπολογιστὴς τῶν Ἀντικυθήρων (Athens, 1994); T. Freeth, Y. Bitsakis, et al., ‘Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikytheira Mechanism’, Nature 444 (2006), pp. 587-91.

[1] I. Sakellion, ‘Unpublished Letter of Emperor John Doukas Vatatzis,’ Athinaion 1 (1872), pp. 372-8, cited by Paris Gounaridēs, Γένος Ρωμαίων. Βυζαντινές και Νεοελληνικές Eρμηνείες (Athens, 1996), p. 14.

[1] Laonicus Chalcocondyles, Historiae, ed. E. Darkó, Laonici Chalcocandylae historiarum demonstrationes, 2 vols (Budapest, 1922-7), vol. 1, p. 6 (the Romans made a Greek city, Byzantion, their new capital and mixed with the native Greeks).

[1] See Anonymous, Panegyric to Manuel and John 8th Palaiologans, ed. S. Lampros, Παλαιολόγεια και Πελοποννησιακά (Athens, 1926), vol. 3, p. 152: ἄρα καὶ εὐλόγως τὸ ὅμοιον ἡρμόσθη τῷ ὁμοίῳ καὶ προσετέθη,… οὓς καὶ εἴ τις Ῥωμέλληνας εἴποι, καλῶς ἂν εἴποι. Some researchers claim this was Isidore of Kiev.

[1] Julian, Contra Galilaeos 194-7, ed. J. Neumann, Juliani imperatoris librorum contra Christianos quae supersunt (Leipzig, 1880), 197 (200 in LOEB 157, 2003): Ἕλληνας, τοὺς ἡμετέρους συγγενεῖς.

[1] The tradition that the Ellines were the founders of Rome was reported both by ancient Romans and Greeks. Eg. Virgil, Aeneis chs 8, 9 and 10, on the Arcadian Pallantian Evander who founded Rome. Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 1.5.1. Cf. A. Wallace-Hadrill, ‘To be Roman, Go Greek: thoughts on Hellenization at Rome’, in Modus Operandi, essays in honour of Geoffrey Rickman, eds. M. Austin, J. Harries and C. Smith (London, 1998) (henceforth: Wallace-Hadrill), pp. 79-91 at 79, n. 3, with references to M. Fox, D. Musti, T.J. Cornell and E. Fraenkel.

[1] Dionysios of Alikarnassos (c.60-c.7BC) in his Antiquitatum Romanarum 1.31, ed. C. Jacoby 2 vols (Leipzig, 1885), vol. 1, pp. 48-50.

[1] Also known as Palladium

[1] ῥώμη, ῥώομαι; Homer, Iliad 23.367: ἐρρώοντο (third plural imperfect).

[1] Herculis Invicti Ara Maxima.

[1] Interestingly, in 2016 some archaeologists discovered a single grave with a human skeleton of a teenager near the altar of the temple where Lycaon, according to the ancient records, had killed his son…Lycos (Lupus in Latin) constellation. The Protohellenic peoples had named the constellations after animals and other figures which resembled their shape, and it is likely that the Lycaones were leaders who had astronomical education.

[1] The granddaughter of Procas, another individual with a Greek name.

[1] According to Her., Hist. 1.94. Cf. Diodoros Sikelos, Bibliotheca 14.113, ed. cit., mentions Τυρρηνία (Tyrrinia) and its people were Pelagians, originally from Thessaly. Similar information is reported by Dionysios of Alikarnassos, Antiquitates Romanae 1.25, 3.58, ed. cit. and other sources. Some researchers such as Kaplanoglou of Kozani claim that the site of a prehistoric city with the same name, Τυρρηνία, has been located near Kozani. Its inhabitants were the first people to build high towers (compare Τυρρ and Tur -tower). It is also clear that just like the Latin alphabet, the Etruscan also derives from earlier Hellenic alphabets. Some geneticists confirm Herodotos that the Etruscans had Lydian ancestors (eg. Alberto Piazza, University of Turin, 2007). For a different opinion see F. Tassi, S. Ghiroto, D. Caramelli, G. Barbujani, ‘Genetic evidence does not support an Etruscan origin in Anatolia,’ American Journal of Physical Anthropology 152 (2013), pp. 11-18.

[1] For example, see T.J. Dunbabin, The Western Greeks (Oxford, 1999), pp. 1-7.

[1] From Σελλας? The rough breathing in some ancient dialects was pronounced as S, not H.

[1] The very first Hellas mentioned by Ancient Greek sources was an area or city in the region of Dodonē and the river Achelōos. The Selloi inhabited that region. Aristotle explained that those Selloi were also called Graikoi (Γραικοί, Graeci in Latin), and were Hellēnes : see Metereologica, ed. F. H. Fobes, Aristoteles et Corpus Aristotelicum Phil., Meteorologica (Cambridge, 1919), (Bekker), p. 352 a-b: περὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα τὴν ἀρχαίαν. αὕτη δ’ ἐστὶν ἡ περὶ Δωδώνην καὶ τὸν Ἀχελῷον· οὗτος γὰρ πολλαχοῦ τὸ ῥεῦμα μεταβέβληκεν· ᾤκουν γὰρ οἱ Σελλοὶ ἐνταῦθα καὶ οἱ καλούμενοι τότε μὲν Γραικοὶ νῦν δ’ Ἕλληνες; Stephanos Byzantios the Grammarian (fl. 528-35) in his Ethnica  states that the name Graikos also means Hellēn. The first Graikos was son of Thessalos and the Hellēnes were known as Graikoi. See Stephanos, Ethnica, ed. A. Meineke, Stephan von Byzanz. Ethnika (Berlin, 1849), p. 212: Γραικός, ὁ Ἕλλην, ὀξυτόνως, ὁ Θεσσαλοῦ υἱός, ἀφ’ οὗ Γραικοί οἱ Ἕλληνες. Pseudo-Zonaras (13th c. CE) adds that Graikos means brave and some Hellēnes were called Graikoi for their exceptional bravery: Ps.-Zonaras Lexicon, ed. J.A.H. Tittmann, Iohannis Zonarae lexicon ex tribus codicibus manuscriptis, 2 vols (Leipzig, 1808), vol. 1, p. 451. Also, according to Aristotle, Graia was a city in the location of Ōrōpos of Voiōtia, opposite the city of Eretria on Evoia: Fragmenta, 8.613, ed. V. Rose, Aristotelis Qui Ferebantur Librorum, Fragmenta (Leipzig, 1886), pp. 386-7. On the location of Graia in Voiōtia see also Dionysios of Alicarnassos, De compositione verborum, 16, ed. W. Rhys Roberts, Dionysius of Halicarnassus On Literary Composition (London, 1910), p. 166. It is likely that the first people who were called Graikoi derive either from that specific area or, most likely, from the area near Dodonē mentioned by Aristotle.

[1] Manchurian Chinese.

[1] Tibetan Chinese.

[1] Cantonese Chinese.

[1] Cf. Plutarchos that in the fourth century BCE one of Plato’s students, Heracleides Ponticos, had called Rome a Hellenic city: Plutarchus, Camillus, 22.15, ed. C. Carena et al., Plutarchus, Le Vite di Temistocle a di Camillo (Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, 1983), p. 150: πόλιν Ἑλληνίδα Ῥώμην.

[1] For the classical use of the term ‘Hellenism’ see W. Jaeger, Early Christianity and Greek Paideia (Cambridge, 1961), p. 6.

[1] H.J. Rose, A Handbook of Latin Literature from the earliest times to the death of St. Augustine (London, 1966³), pp. 20-21.

[1] For example, see Andrew J. Ekonomou, Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern Influences on Rome and the Papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D 590-752 (Plymouth, 2007), pp. 1-2: Plautus in Mostellaria and Curculio emphasized on the contrast between Roman morality and Greek ‘debauchery.’ Roman views against the Greeks were also expressed by Martial, Livy and Cicero. Also see J. A., Goldstein, ‘Jewish acceptance and rejection of Hellenism,’ pp. 64-87  in E. P. Sanders et. al., eds., Jewish and Christian Self-Definition (London, 1981), pp. 69-70 on Roman anti-Hellenism.

[1] For example, see Wallace-Hadrill, ed. cit., pp. 79-91; Horatius, Epist. II, 1, 156, ed. N. Rudd, Horace, Epistles, Book II and Epistle to the Pisones in Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics, ed. E. J. Kenney and P. E. Easterling (Cambridge, 1989), p. 48: “Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit et artes intulit agresti Latio;” Juvenalius, Satura III, 60-61, trans. by C. Kelk, The Satires of Juvenal, a verse translation (New York, 2010), p. 40, could not stand Rome being so Greek. The very first Roman military force in Greece acted under the leadership of the Greek-speaking scholar and general Titus Quinctius Flamininus (c. 229-c. 174 BCE): OCD, s.v. Flamininus, Titus Quinctius; S. Elm, ‘Hellenism and Historiography: Gregory of Nazianzus and Julian in Dialogue’, in The Cultural Turn in Late Ancient Studies, eds D. Martin and P. Cox Miller (Durham, 2005), pp. 258-77 at 259-60, on the Greek culture of the elite, up to the times of Theodosios; J. Pirenne, ‘Les Empires du Proche – Orient et de la Méditerranée: Rapport de synthesé in Les Grands Empires’, in Charanis Studies, Essays in honour of Peter Charanis, ed. Angeliki E. Laiou (New Brunswick, 1980), p. 323.

[1] Especially after the famous Caracalla edict.

[1] See Kaiser Wilhelm’s visit to Jerusalem. In Constantinople, he also publicly declared himself a protector of Islam. Also see, for example, the information provided by the Nazi minister and Hitler’s chief architect Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich Memoirs (New York, 1997²) p. 96.

[1] K. Paparrigopoulos, Ιστορικαί Πραγματείαι (Athens, 1889), p. 159.

[1] Mark Jarrett, The Congress of Vienna and its Legacy: War and Great Power Diplomacy After Napoleon (London, 2014), p. 296. Cf. Memoirs of Prince Metternich, trans. A. Napier (London, 1881), vol. 3, p. 495, sect. 519, 6 May 1821: ‘Ypsilanti, that masked Liberal, that Hellenist.’ See also, vol. 3, p. 501: ‘The Turks devour the Greeks, and the Greeks decapitate the Turks: this is the best news I hear;’ vol. 3, p. 506: ‘What pleasant things the Greeks have brought upon themselves!’

[1] Jacob Philipp Fallmerayer, Welchen Einfluß hatte die Besetzung Griechenlands durch die Slawen auf das Schicksal der Stadt Athen und der Landschaft Attika? Oder nähere Begründung der im ersten Bande der Geschichte der Halbinsel Morea während des Mittelalters aufgestellten Lehre über die Enstehung der heutigen Griechen (Stuttgart, 1835), trans. Constantinos Romanos, Περι της Καταγωγής των Σημερινών Ελλήνων (Athens, 1984), p. 10.

[1] He published material from his Cincinnati lectures in his book Byzantium, The Imperial Centuries 610-1071 (New York, 1966).

[1] R. Jenkins, Byzantium and Byzantinism, Lectures in memory of Louise Taft Semple (Cincinnati, 1963), p. 7. These have been analysed by Speros Vryonis, ‘Recent Scholarship in Continuity and Discontinuity of Culture: Classical Greeks, Byzantines, Modern Greeks, ed. idem (Malibu, CA. 1978), pp. 237-256, eee pp. 254-255: Jenkins had accepted that the chief reason for the decline of the ancient civilisations was ‘biology rather than politics.’

[1] Kaldellis, Hellenism, p. 166.

[1] Laonikos Chalkokondyles c.1430-c.1470, The Histories, trans. Anthony Kaldellis, vol. 1 (Harvard, 2014), Introduction, p. 8: …

[1] For example, see Mosse Koppel, Navot Akiva, Idan and Nahum Dershowitz, ‘Unsupervised Decomposition of a Document into Authorial Components’, (2011). https://www.aclweb.org/anthology-new/P/P11/P11-1136.pdf  (last accessed 1 March 2013).

[1] The ancient Ugarit.

[1] First reported in Odyssey and examined by Plato, Minos ex Stephanus, p. 319; Strabo, Geographica 10.4.8,19,  ed. cit.

[1] Russell E. Gmirkin, Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus: Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch (New York, 2006), pp. 240-245.

[1] Professor Saul Levin wrote in the Preface of Joseph Yahuda, Hebrew is Greek (Oxford, 1982), p. 13, that there is only a small number of isolated experts who have investigated the relation between Semitic and the so-called Indo-European languages, but not in depth; Prologue, pp. 29-32, and main work, pp. 27-74: the Hebrew Bible contains so many Greek terms and phrases that Yahuda concluded that Hebrew is a Greek dialect; pp. 7-9:..

[1] Luciano Cànfora, La biblioteca scomparsa (Palermo, 1986).

[1] Based on such teachings, the German Field Marshal von Moltke (1800-1891) claimed that “war is an element of the divine order of the world,” meaning that God uses wars as a medium to improve mankind. Cited by Mark Mazower, Governing the World: The History of an Idea (London, 2012), p. 77.

[1] Sept. Exodus, 22:27: θεοὺς οὐ κακολογήσεις. King James’ Exodus 22:28: “Thou shalt not revile the gods”; Exodus 22:28, ed. B. M. Metzger et al, The Holy Bible, p. 76: “You shall not revile God.” The Hebrew text though, just like the Greek, clearly mentions gods (élohiym) in plural.

[1] Septuaginta: Ὁ θεὸς ἔστη ἐν συναγωγῇ θεῶν, ἐν μέσῳ δὲ θεοὺς διακρίνει. (brought to my attention by E. Oikonomakos). Cf. (King James 82.1: God standeth in the in the congregation of the mightly; he judgeth among among the gods. The New Revised Standard Version (Oxford, 1989) translates as such: God has taken his place in the divine council; in the midst of the gods he holds judgement.

[1] Deuteronomy 9.26: καὶ εὐξάμην πρὸς τὸν θεὸν καὶ εἶπα Κύριε κύριε βασιλεῦ τῶν θεῶν.

[1] People like the Amorites, Hittites, Perizzites, Canaanites, Hivites, Jebusites and Philistines: Exodus 23:23-33, 34:11-17; Numbers 33:50-53; Deuteronomy 7:25; Deuteronomy 7:5; Deuteronomy 7:3-4: ‘do not intermarry with them.’

[1] Exodus 20:4; Deuteronomy 26:15.

[1] Judges 2:1-5.

[1] Deuteronomy 12-13.

[1] Numbers 25:4 (impale them); Numbers 25:5 (kill any of your people …); Numbers 25:6-13.

[1] Exodus 20:4: “You shall not make for yourself an idol, whether in the form of anything that is in heaven above, or that is on the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God.”

[1] Exodus 22:20.

[1] Exodus, 20:5; 34:7; Deuteronomy 5:9. (up to three and four generations later).

[1] Exodus 32:1-35.

[1] Numbers 21:6.

[1] Numbers 16:1-35.

[1] Leviticus 26:1-30; Joshua 23:16, 24:20-23; Cf. Leviticus 24:13-16: Whoever blasphemes the name of God, either Israelite or not, should be stoned to death.

[1] For example Lysimachos (fl. 4th-3rd c. BCE), Apollōnios Mollōn (fl. 1st c. BCE), Apiōn (fl. 1st c. CE).

[1] In a following volume I present the argument that much material attributed to Josephus is not originaly his.

[1] Josephus, Contra Apionem, 1.37-46, ed. B. Niese, De Judaeorum vetustate in Flavii Iosephi opera, 6 vols (Berlin, 1889), vol. 5, p. 8.

[1] Especially books 1, 2 and 4.

[1] E.g. Aristidēs, Apologia 8.1-4, ed. Vona, Fragmenta, L’apologia di Aristide (Rome, 1950), p. 120…’ See G. W. Bowersock, Hellenism in Late Antiquity (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 9-12, quotation at p. 9; Louis Feldman Judaism and Hellenism Reconsidered (Leiden, 2006), pp. 6-12, … W. Fairweather, Jesus and the Greeks (Edinburgh, 1924), p. v,… M. R. Salzman, ‘Pagans and Christians,’ in The Oxford handbook of Early Christian Studies, eds S. Ashbrook Harvey and D. G. Hunter (Oxford, 2008), pp. 186-202 at p. 188,… C. Rapp, ‘Hellenic Identity, Romanitas and Christianity in Byzantium’, in Hellenisms: Culture, Identity and Ethnicity from Antiquity to Modernity, ed. K Zacharia (Aldershot, 2008), pp. 127-147 at p. 138. Dr Demetrios Constantellos in his article  ‘Μαρτυρίες γιά τήν Ταυτότητα τῶν Βυζαντινῶν καί τῶν Ρωμηῶν, σέ Ἑλληνικές Πηγές,’ …

[1] Aristidēs, Apologia 11.5 and 12.1, p. 120.

[1] Justin, Apologia 54, ed. E. J. Goodspeed, Die ältesten Apologeten (Göttingen, 1915), pp. 65-6.

[1] Tatian, Oratio ad Graecos, 2.1, ed. E.J. Goodspeed, Die ältesten Apologeten (Göttingen, 1915), p. 269.

[1] Tatian, Oratio 3, ed. cit., p. 270; 25, p. 291; 33, p. 298.

[1] Theophilos, Ad Autolycum, 3.5, ed. R.M. Grant, Theophilus of Antioch (Oxford, 1970), p. 104.

[1] Tatian, Oratio 22, ed. cit., pp. 289-90.

[1] Theophilos, Ad Autolycum 2.32, ed. cit., p. 80.

[1] Tatian, Oratio 33.1, ed. cit. p. 298.

[1] E.g. John 7:35, 12:20-23; Acts 14:1, 17:4, 16:1-3, 17:1-6, 17:10-12, 18:4, 19:10, 20:21, 21:28.

[1] Comentaria in Psalmos, PG 23, 1352:.. For a similar anti-Hellenic  mode of interpreting and explaining material from the Old Testament see Basil the Great, Enarratio in prophetam Isaiam 9.230 in San Basilio. Commento al profeta Isaia, ed. P. Trevisan, 2 vols (Torino, 1939), although it may not be authentic.

[1] John Chrysostom, In Joannem, Hom. 66, PG 59, 369-370: Ταῦτα Ἕλληνες ἔτεκον…  Ἂν δὲ τὰ ἔνδοθεν ἴδῃς, τέφρα καὶ κόνις, καὶ ὑγιὲς οὐδὲν, ἀλλὰ Τάφος ἀνεῳγμένος ὁ λάρυγξ αὐτῶν, πάντα ἀκαθαρσίας ἔχων γέμοντα καὶ ἰχῶρος, καὶ τὰ δόγματα πάντα σκωλήκων.

[1] Socrates Scholasticus, Historia Ecclesiastica, ed. W. Bright (Oxford, 1878), 3.16, pp. 156-7: Ἡ Ἑλληνικὴ παίδευσις οὔτε παρὰ τοῦ Χριστοῦ, οὔτε παρὰ τῶν αὐτοῦ μαθητῶν, ἢ ὡς θεόπνευστος ἐδέχθη, ἢ  ὡς ἐπιβλαβὴς ἐξεβλήθη. Καὶ τοῦτο, ὡς ἡγοῦμαι, οὐκ ἀπρονοήτως ἐποίησαν· πολλοὶ γὰρ τῶν παρ’ Ἕλλησι φιλοσοφησάντων οὐ μακρὰν τοῦ γνῶναι τὸν Θεὸν ἐγένοντο; 3.13, p. 154: Τηνικαῦτα καὶ οἱ Ἕλληνες τῶν Χριστιανιζόντων κατέτρεχον· …

[1] John Chrysostom, Orationes, 11, PG 62, 376.46-48: μὴ κάλει τὸν Ἕλληνα μιαρὸν, μηδὲ ἔσο ὑβριστής· ἀλλ’ ἂν μὲν ἐρωτηθῇς περὶ τοῦ δόγματος, ἀπόκριναι ὅτι μιαρὸν καὶ ἀσεβές·

[1] John Chrysostom, Adversus Judaeos, 5, PG 48, 900.55-57: Καὶ οὐκ ᾐσχύνοντο οἱ μιαροὶ καὶ ἀναίσχυντοι παρὰ ἀνδρὸς ἀσεβοῦς καὶ Ἕλληνος ταῦτα αἰτοῦντες, καὶ τὰς μιαρὰς ἐκείνου χεῖρας καλοῦντες ἐπὶ τὴν τῶν ἁγίων οἰκοδομήν·

[1] John Chrysostom, De virginitate, 4.3-10, PG 48, 536: Ὦ καὶ Ἑλλήνων ὑμεῖς ἀθλιώτεροι… Καὶ Ἕλλησι μὲν ὑπὲρ νηστείας καὶ παρθενίας οὔτε μισθὸν δώσει τις οὔτε κόλασις  ἀποκείσεται·

[1] E.g. Apocalypsis Joannis was not made by John in the first century but in the 5th century or later, and was identified as a fake already in the 9th century. See Apocalypsis apocrypha Joannis (versio altera), ed. F. Nau, ‘Une deuxième apocalypse apocryphe grecque de saint Jean’, Revue Biblique 23 (1914), pp. 215-221; Apocalypsis apocrypha Joannis (versio tertia), ed. A. Vasiliev, Anecdota Graeco-Byzantina, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1893); Cohortatio ad Graecos is not the work of Justin the Martyr, but written probably in the 3rd century; also, see Hengel, ‘Septuagint,’ p. 71;  De resurrectione is not a work produced by Athenagoras (2nd c.) but dates from the 3rd or 4th century. Cf. Robert M. Grant, ‘Athenagoras or Pseudo-Athenagoras,’ in The Harvard Theological Review, vol. 47 (1954), pp. 121-129 at pp. 128-129, concludes that De resurrectione … See Gorazd Kocijancic, ‘The Identity of Dionysius the Areopagite: A Philosophical Approach’, in Filip Inanovic, ed., Dionysius the Areopagite between Orthodoxy and Heresy (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 3-11 at pp. 5-6. See also Coakley-Stang, p. 1: scholars date this author to the 6th century... The fabricator of these epistles probably worked some time between c.360 and c.380 CE. See J. Rius–Camps, The four authentic letters of Ignatius, the martyr (Rome, 1979), pp. 13-20 at p.19, n. 21 (the identity of the interpolator); Apostolic Fathers, pp. 166-70. Ch. Trevett, A study of Ignatius of Antioch in Syria and Asia, Studies in the Bible and Early Christianity 29 (Lewiston, 1992), pp. 9-15. The Martyrium of Ignatius underwent various interpolations and survives in different variations. According to a version of the text of the Martyrium, there were two deacons who followed Ignatius: Philo and Agathopus. Those deacons are considered by certain scholars as the authors of the original Martyrium. See Ignatius, Ad Tarsenses (Epistle 4), 10.2, ed. Funk, vol. 2, p. 104. Idem, Ad Philippenses (Epistle 5), 15.1, ed. Funk, vol. 2, p. 10. Idem, Ad Antiochenses (Epistle 9), 13.2, ed. Funk, vol. 2, p. 172. Some other scholars date the Martyrium to the 5th century. See L. H. Gray, ‘The Armenian acts of the martyrdom of S. Ignatius of Antioch’, Armenian Quarterly 1 (1946), pp. 47-66 at p. 47; Acta Pauli et Theclae is not historical either…

[1] For example, Adoptionists, Arabicists, Arianists, Audianists, Doceticeans, Ebionites, Manichaens, Marcionites, Montanites, Naassenes, Ophites, Pneumatomachianists, Psilanthropists, Sabellians, Valentinians.

[1] Eunapios, ΒΙΟΙ ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΣΟΦΙΣΤΩΝ 7.31-32, ed. Richard Goulet, Eunape des Sardes, 2 vols (Paris, 2014), p. 48: Alarichos had monks and priests with him (dressed in dark colours).

[1] See, for example, Charles Freeman, AD 381: Heretics, Pagans and the Christian State (Pimlico, 2008), p. 120.

[1] It is evident that Fritigen, the leader of the first wave, was in contact with the leaders of the other waves which followed.

[1] Native European traditions describe the invaders as ethnically mixed (multido vulgi promiscui): see, for example, Wim Blockmans and Peter Hoppenbrouwers, Introduction to Medieval Europe 300-1500 (London, 2014²), p. 34. Some Hun tribes were united with some Germanic tribes.

[1] For a background on Goth movements in the 4th century see, for example, Ian Hughes, Imperial Brothers: Valentinian, Valens and the Disaster in Adrianople (Barnsley, 2013), pp. 61-6, 85-7, 147-58.

[1] See Michael Kulikowski, Rome’s Gothic Wars: From the third century to Alaric (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 146-7.

[1] Stephen Williams and Gerard Friell, Theodosius: The Empire at Bay (Yale, 1994), p. 35.

[1] Salaminios Hermias Sozomenos, Historia ecclesiastica 7.25, ed. J. Bidez, G. Hansen,  Sozomenus. Kirchengeschichte (Berlin, 1960).

[1] Flavius Eugenius.

[1] Against this explanation provided by Claudian, cf. S. Willians and G. Friell, ed. cit., p. 146-149.

[1] … Zosimus agrees with Claudian on the betrayal of the Greeks: Zosimus Historia nova, ed. F. Paschoud, Zosime. Histoire nouvelle, 3 vols (Paris, 1971-89), 5.5.5-7: …For Alarich in Greece see also Heinrich von Eicken, Der Kampf der Westgothen und Römer unter Alarich (Leipzig, 1876), pp. 29-33.

[1] Magister militum.

[1] Prokopios, De Bellis 3.2, ed. G. Wirth, Procopii Caesariensis opera omnia, 3 vols (Leipzig, 1962-3).

[1] Cf. Peter Van Nuffelen, ‘Not Much Happened: 410 and All That,’ JRS 105 (2015), who goes so far as to state to other professors that the Goths who sacked Rome were ‘not that terrible … the sack was not so horrible...’

[1] Historia ecclesiastica, ed. L. Parmentier et. al., Theodoret. Kirchengeschichte, Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller 44 (Berlin, 1954²), pp. 329-30, p. 330: ἀσκητὰς μὲν ζήλῳ θείῳ πυρπολουμένους συνέλεξε, νόμοις δὲ αὐτοὺς ὁπλίσας βασιλικοῖς κατὰ τῶν εἰδωλικῶν ἐξέπεμψε τεμενῶν.

[1] Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History, 19.12.

[1] Josehus, Josephi vita 17.1-27.5, ed. cit. vol. 4; idem, De bello Judaico 2.466-477, vol. 6.

[1] For example, see Cyril Mango, Byzantium, the Empire of New Rome (London, 1980), p. 89; C. Mango, Michael Vickers and the late E.D. Francis, ‘The Palace of Lausus at Constantinople and its collection of ancient statues,’ Journal of the History of Collections 4, no. 1 (1992) pp. 89-98: ‘an entrance hall in the form of a huge rotunda … was burned in 475… Lausus was not the only person in fifth century Constantinople to have adorned his house with antique statues of gods. We have good evidence that Marina, daughter of the Emperor Arcadius, did the same.’

[1] See Codex Theodosianus XVI. 10. 7-25, ed. É. Magnou-Nortier, Le code Théodosien Livre XVI (Paris, 2002), pp. 373-398. Cf. F. R. Trombley, Hellenic Religion and Christianization c.370-529, 2 vols (Leiden, 1993 and 1994), vol. 1, p. xii: “The real work of Christianisation, the ‘great transformation,’ took place between 363-529.” Paulus Krueger, editor of the Codex Justinianus observed in a note that almost the exact wording of the novel which called for the destruction of all anti-Christian works pre-existed within a law published by Theodosios II in 448. This earlier law called for the destruction of any anti-Christian work written specifically by Porphyrios… See Concilia Oecumenica, Concilium universale Ephesenum anno 431 1.1.4, ed. E. Schwartz, Acta conciliorum oecumenicorum, 8 vols (Berlin, 1927-62), vol. 2, p 66:..

[1] For example, see Salaminius Hermias Sozomenus, Historia ecclesiastica, ed. cit, 6.35.1-2: during the reign of Valens (r.364-378) τῶν δ’ αὖ Ἑλληνιστῶν μικροῦ πάντες κατ’ ἐκεῖνου καιροῦ διεφθάρησαν.

[1] exarchos

[1] Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 7.14, ed. G. C. Hansen, Socrates Kirchengeschichte (Berlin, 1995), p. 359:..

[1] Codex Iustinianus, 8-10, Imp. Leo et Anthemius AA. Dioscoro PP., ed. and trans. A. Kamara, Η αντιπαγανιστική νομοθεσία της Ύστερης Ρωμαϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας μέσα από τους Κώδικες (Athens, 2000)

[1] S. Giatsēs, Μορφές άθλησης στην πρωτοβυζαντινή περίοδο 325-521, in Καθημερινή Ζωή,  pp. 451-62 at pp. 451-3.

[1] Paul Lemerle, Le premier humanisme byzantin (Paris, 1971), Greek trans. by M. Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou, Ὁ πρῶτος Βυζαντινὸς Οὐμανισμός (Athens, 1985²), (henceforth, Lemerle), p. 66.

[1] Pseudo Dionysius of Tel Mahre Chronicle, Manicheans and Pagans, ed. Witold Witakowski (Liverpool, 1996), p. 71.

[1] Joannes Malalas, Chronographia, ed. L. Dindorf, Ioannis Malalae chronographia  (Bonn, 1831), p. 449: Ἐν αὐτῷ δὲ τῷ χρόνῳ διωγμὸς γέγονεν Ἑλλήνων μέγας;…

[1] Prokopios, Historia arcana Anecdota, Historia arcana Anecdota, ed. G. Wirth, Procopii Caesariensis opera omnia (Leipzig, 1963), vol. 3, ch. 26. Cited by Lemerle, ed. cit., p. 68.

[1] Topographia Christiana 4.20, ed. E. Winstedt, The Christian Topography (Cambridge, 1909), p. 133: Ἢ πῶς ὕδατα δύνανται εἶναι εἰς σφαῖραν στρεφομένην;… Ταῦτα γὰρ εἰ μὴ τοῖς ἀνελπίστοις Ἕλλησι…

[1] Catherine Nixey, The Darkening Age (London, 2018).

[1] See, for example, S. Williams and G. Friell, ed. cit., p. 135.

[1] Theophanes Confessor, Chronographia, p. 376.

[1] Church historian Evagrios (c.536-after 594).

[1] Evagrios, Historia ecclesiastica, ed. J. Bidez and L. Parmentier, The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrios with the scholia (London, 1898), pp. 236-7: Evagrios speaks with the voice of Chosroes: Καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἡ Σιρὴν Χριστιανή ἐστιν κἀγὼ Ἕλλην, ὁ ἡμέτερος νόμος ἄδειαν ἡμῖν οὐ παρέχει Χριστιανὴν ἔχειν γαμετήν. ­

[1] Ioannis Moschos (c. mid 6th-c. mid 7th c.), Leimonarion, PG 87.3, 2996; Monk Theologos of Stavronikēta in his modern Greek version of Leimonarion (Athos, 1986), p. 147, translates the Saracen as idolater and not as Hellēn.

[1] Some researchers (e.g. Marios Verettas, Karlheinz Deschner, Vlassis Rassias, Diamantis Koutoulas) expose the problem, but such authors are usually attacked or marginalised because of their lack of advanced academic training.

[1] Cf. Steven Runciman, ‘Byzantine and Hellene in the Fourteenth Century’, in Τόμος Κωνσταντίνου Ἁρμενοπούλου (Thessalonikē, 1952), pp. 27-31; Paul Magdalino, ‘Hellenism and Nationalism’, in Tradition and Transformation in Medieval Byzantium (Aldershot, 1991), pp. 1-29; idem, ‘The Rhetoric of Hellenism’, in The Perception of the Past in Twelfth Century Europe (Rio Grande, OH, 1992), pp. 139-156; Helen Saradi, Byzantium and the Origin of the Modern Greek National Consciousness (Toronto, 1992); Athanasios D. Angelou, ‘Who am I? Scholarios’ answers and the Hellenic identity’, in Φιλέλλην. Studies in Honour of Robert Browning, ed. C.N. Constantinides, N.M. Panagiotakes, E. J. Jeffreys and A.D. Angelou (Venice, 1996), pp. 1-19; N. G. Svorōnos, Το ελληνικό έθνος, γένεση και διαμόρφωση του νέου ελληνισμού, published posthumously (Athens, 2005), pp. 21-109; Carolina Cupane, ‘Ἡ τῶν Ῥωμαίων γλῶσσα’, in Byzantina Mediterranea. Festschrift für Johannes Koder zum 65. Geburtstag, ed. K. Belke, E. Kislinger, A. Külzer and M.A. Stassinopoulou (Vienna-Cologne-Weimar, 2007), pp. 137-56; Vasileios A. Mystakidēs in his article ‘Αἱ λέξεις Ἕλλην, Γραικός (γραικύλος), Ρωμαῖος (Γραικορωμαῖος), Βυζαντινός, Ὀθωμανός, Τοῦρκος’ in Νέος Ποιμένας (Tübingen, 1920²), pp. 5-30; Julius Jüthner, Hellēnen und Barbaren (Leipzig, 1923); The most important work for the use of the term in the Byzantine period is the first part of Kilian Lechner’s doctoral dissertation entitled Hellēnen und Barbaren im Weltbild der Byzantiner (Munich, 1954), which examines the concept of Hellēn in the works of a limited number of authors who wrote between the 4th and the 15th centuries. Also, see H. Ditten, ‘Βάρβαροι, Ἕλληνες und Ῥωμαῖοι bei den letzen Byzantinischen Geschichts-schreibern’, in Actes du XIIe Congrès International des Etudes Byzantines, 3 vols (Belgrade, 1964), vol. 2, pp. 273-99; Panagiotēs Κ. Chrēstou in his study Οι Περιπέτειες των Εθνικών Ονομάτων των Ελλήνων (trans: The adventures of the ethnic names of the Greeks) (Thessalonikē, 1993); Gill Page, Being Byzantine, Greek identity before the Ottomans (Cambridge, 2008).

[1] For example, see Judith Herrin, The Formation of Christendom (Princeton, NJ, 1989), pp. 76-7.

[1] Lemerle, ed. cit., p. 49; R. Browning, ‘Further Reflections on Literacy in Byzantium,’ in To Hellenikon, Studies in Honour of Speros Vryonis, ed. Robert Browning (New York, 1993), pp. 68-84 at pp. 73, 80-81; D. Constantellos, To Hellenikon, p. 91; A. Kazdan and A. Wharton, Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries (Berkeley, 1985), p. 912.

[1] A. Vasilikopoulou-Ioannidou, Η αναγέννησις των γραμμάτων κατα τον ΙΒ’ αιώνα εις το Βυζάντιον και ο Όμηρος (Athens, 1972), henceforth Vasilikopoulou-Ioannidou; Georgios Tsampis, Η παιδεία στο Χριστιανικό Βυζάντιο (Athens, 1999).

 

[1] Theophanes Confessor (c.758-818), Chronographia, ed. C. de Boor, Theophanis chronographia (Leipzig, 1883), p. 405.

[1] For example, Theodore Studitēs (759-826) attacked the Iconoclasts with the argument they were similar to the Jews and the Ellines, for all three rejected Jesus and his mother Mary. See Epistula 301.372-6, ed. G. Fatouros, Theodori Studitae Epistulae, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 31 (Berlin, 1991), vol. 2, p. 441:.. On the other hand, the Iconoclast Patriarch John VII Grammatikos of Constantinople (834-843) was also accused either by Theodore Studitēs or Patriarch Methodios I (843-847) of having become the same as the Ellines after he spent his life studying their works which were ‘justly dispersed by the voices of the just.’ See Lemerle, ed. cit., p. 125. Anonymous, Canon epinicius seu victorialis, Ode 4, PG 99, 1776B-C: δικαίως ἐλίκμησαν.

[1] Sponsored by Caesar Vardas (d.866).

[1] Some similar complicated automata can be seen today in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.

[1] During the reign of Emperor Basil I, r.867-86.

[1] Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio 50.71-75, ed. G. Moravcsik and R. Jenkins, Constantine Porphyrogenitus. De administrando imperio, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae (Dumbarton Oaks, 1967²) vol. 1, p. 236:..

[1] … Agnē Vasilikopoulou, ‘Η Κλασική Παιδεία στο Βυζάντιο’, Επιστημονική Επετηρίδα της Φιλοσοφικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών 33 (2001), pp. 330, 335-36,…

[1] Photios, Epistulae 65, ed. B. Laourdas and L. G. Westerink, Photii, Patriarchae Constantinopolitani, Epistulae et Amphilochia, 2 vols (Leipzig, 1983), vol. 1, pp. 109-10: οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδ’ Ἕλλην τις ἡμῖν ῥᾷον τὰ τοιαῦτα προτείνειεν, πολλὰ γὰρ καὶ παρ’ αὐτοῖς τῶν σεβασμίων παραπλήσια, καὶ ὥσπερ ἐστὶν αὐτοῖς φύσις κοινὴ πρὸς ἡμᾶς καὶ νοῦς καὶ λόγος καὶ ψυχῆς πρὸς σῶμα σύγκρασις ὁμοιότροπος καὶ μυρία ἄλλα,… On the meaning of φύσις cf. Anthony Kaldellis, Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 18-20.

[1] Anthologia Palatina, epigr. XV 12, ed. F. Buffiere, Anthologie Grecue. Anthologie Palatine, libri XII-XV (Paris, 1970), p. 128: ἐπονομαζομένου Ἕλληνος. I am not aware of the date when this epigram was composed and who its author was.

[1] Michael Psellos, Epistulae, 190, ed. E. Kurtz and F. Drexl, Michaelis Pselli Scripta Minora, 2 vols (Milan, 1936 and 1941), vol. I, pp. 212-214: Ἕλλην ὄντως ἀνὴρ.

[1] Michael Psellos, Quaestionum Naturalium, De terrae magnitudine, PG 122, 788: εἰσὶ δὲ πάντες Ἕλληνες τὸ δόγμα, πλὴν πάνυ δικαιότατοι.

[1] Michael Psellos, Chronographia, Theodora 6.12, ed.  É. Renauld, Michel Psellos. Chronographie ou histoire d’un siècle de Byzance (976–1077), 2 vols (Paris, 1926-8): …

[1] Vasilikopoulou-Ioannidou, ed. cit., p. 47; B. N. Tatakis, La philosophie Byzantine (Paris, 1949), trans. E. Kalpourtzi, Η Βυζαντινή Φιλοσοφία (Athens, 1977), pp. 204-5.

[1] Also known as Comnena or Komnena.

[1] Anna Komnēnē, Alexias 5.9, ed. D.R. Reinsch and A. Kambylis, Annae Comnenae Alexias (Berlin, 2001), henceforth Alexias.

[1] ‘Δέξε με Πόσειδον.’ This was cited by  Nikolaos Giakoumakis, Νέα Σιών 11 (1911), p. 321. Giakoumakis was based on a Russian edition published probably by D. Briaitsev or Briantsev in the journal Bера и Pазумь – (Religion and Thought), no. 7 or 8, of a Byzantine text which is not known to me.

[1] Under the name Gennadios II (1454-6, 1463, 1464-5).

[1] See Christopher Livanos, ‘Scholarios and Neo-Paganism’, in Papers of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, ed. E. Jeffreys and J. Gilliland, 3 vols (London, 2006), vol. 2, pp. 207-8.

[1] His student Cosimo de’ Medici (1389-1464) opened a Platonic Academy in Florence.

[1] Georgios Gennadios Scholarios, Epistle 18 to Archon Manouel Raoul Oises, ed. S. Lampros, Παλαιολόγεια – Πελοποννησιακά (Athens, 1912), (henceforth Scholarios), vol. 1.2, p. 247.

 

[1] For example, see George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, trans J. Hussay (Oxford, 1993), p. 33; W. Treadgold, The Byzantine Revival 780-842 (Stanford, 1988);  Herbert Hunger, Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner, 2 vols (Munich, 1978), trans. L. Benaki et al., Βυζαντινή Λογοτεχνία, η λόγια κοσμική γραμματεία των Βυζαντινών (Athens, 1991); Donald Nicol, Church and Society in the last centuries of Byzantium (Cambridge, 1977), p. 116; F. Marshall, Byzantine Literature, in N. Baynes and H. Moss, Byzantium, an Introduction to East Roman Civilisation (Oxford, 1948), pp. 221-51 at p. 221; A. Vasilikopoulou-Ioannidou, Η Αναγέννησις των γραμμάτων κατα τον 12ο αιώνα εις το Βυζάντιον, και ο Όμηρος (Αθήνα, 1971-2).

[1] E.g. Aeolian in modern Mytilene, Ionian in Chios, Dorian in north Karpathos, Trapezountiac, Chaldiot and Ophitic in the Black Sea, Grekanika, Griko and Calabrian in South Italy, Cappadocian in Turkey, Doric Tsakonika in Peloponnese. Many Arcadians in central Peloponnese, the Cypriots and the Pamphilyans in Asia Minor, all spoke a similar dialect up to the early 20th century.

[1] For example, see Johannes Irmscher, ‘Oriental Christian writing as a Component of the Literature of Late Antiquity,’ in Καθηγήτρια (Camberley, 1988), pp. 107-10; A. B. Giannikopoulos, Η εκπαίδευση κατα τον 4ο αιώνα και κατά την αρχαιότητα (Athens, 1983); W. Jaeger, Early Christianity and Greek Paideia (Cambridge, MA, 1961).

[1] See Johannes Kakridis, Homeric Researches (Lund, 1949), pp. 34-6, e.g. songs and tales on Meleagros, Lamies, Hercules, Persephone, Odysseus, Alexander the Great.

[1] For example, see Johannes Geffken, The last days of Greco-roman paganism (Amsterdam, 1978), p. 232.

[1] Euterpē Makrē, ‘Ανίχνευση παλαιότερων επιδράσεων στην παλαιοχριστιανική ταφική αρχιτεκτονική και τη νεκρική λατρεία,’ in Καθημερινή Ζωή στο Βυζάντιο, Symposium (Athens, 1988), pp. 89-104 at pp. 98-104.

[1] For example, see Georgios B. Kavvadias, Τα παιδιά του Προμηθέα: Ελληνικές κοινωνίες και πολιτισμοί, 6 vols. (Athens, 2005), vol. 3, pp. 96-117, on the custom of κλήδονες in Thessaly, even though it was forbidden by the Christian Church for some time.

[1] Aeschines, In Timarchum, Νόμοι, ed. V. Martin et.al., Eschine. Discours, vol. 1 (Paris, 1927), pp. 19-20: ἄν τις Ἀθηναίων, (if any of the Athenians) φησίν, ἑταιρήσῃ (meaning ‘has homosexual activity,’ ‘the one man who has sex with another man.’ Many scholars have been taught to mistranslate this as ‘whoever was a public prostitute’),… Ἐὰν δέ τις παρὰ ταῦτα πράττῃ, γραφὰς ἑταιρήσεως πεποίηκε (writings promoting homosexuality) hκαὶ τὰ μέγιστα ἐπιτίμια ἐπέθηκεν ; 12: θανάτῳ ζημιούσθω (should suffer death); 16: τεθνάτω αὐθημερόν (should be executed on the same day). For a series of mistranslations and further works which systematically manipulate and distort ancient texts, see Anna Clark, ed., The History of Sexuality in Europe (Abingdon, 2011), pp. 13-39. For an intense effort to downplay the importance of such laws and mistranslate Greek words, see Nick Fisher, trans. Aeschines Against Timarchos (Oxford, 2001), pp. 36-67. On p. 39 Fisher insists that ‘To engage in homosexual relationships, as senior or junior partner, or as an equal, or even voluntarily to engage is prostitution (porneia) or be an escort (hetairesis) was not in itself illegal (though Aeschines often asserts the contrary).’ …

[1] Plato, Leges 636, ed. Burnet: ἐννοητέον ὅτι τῇ θηλείᾳ (women) καὶ τῇ τῶν ἀρρένων (men) φύσει εἰς κοινωνίαν (natural union) ἰούσῃ τῆς γεννήσεως ἡ περὶ ταῦτα ἡδονὴ κατὰ φύσιν (according to nature) ἀποδεδόσθαι δοκεῖ, ἀρρένων δὲ πρὸς ἄρρενας (men to men) ἢ θηλειῶν πρὸς θηλείας (women to women) παρὰ φύσιν (is against nature) καὶ τῶν πρώτων τὸ τόλμημ’ εἶναι δι’ ἀκράτειαν ἡδονῆς.

[1] Leges 838 e: τοῦ μὲν ἄρρενος ἀπεχομένους, μὴ κτείνοντάς τε ἐκ προνοίας τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος, μηδ’ εἰς πέτρας τε καὶ λίθους σπείροντας.

[1] Plato, Gorgias, 494e: ὁ τῶν κιναίδων (homosexuals) βίος (life), οὗτος οὐ δεινὸς (terrible) καὶ αἰσχρὸς (obscene) καὶ ἄθλιος (wretched); ἢ τούτους τολμήσεις λέγειν εὐδαίμονας εἶναι, ἐὰν ἀφθόνως ἔχωσιν ὧν δέονται;

[1] Ibididem, 403a-c.

[1] Xenophon, Symposion, 8.35.

[1] εὐρύπρωκτος

[1] κίναιδος also κιναιδιαίος.

[1] See also πόρνος, ἀκάθαρτος, βδελυρός, καταπύγων, θηλυδρίας, γυναικίας, ἀσελγής, αἰσχρουγός, ἀκόλαστος, ἀνδρόγυνος. Cf. Julius Pollux, Onomasticon, ed. E. Bethe, Pollucis onomasticon, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1900, 1931).

[1] See ἀποραφανίδωσις in Scholia In Aristophanem, Commentarium in plutum, recensio 2, scholia recentiora Tzetzae, ed. Positano, L. Massa, Jo. Tzetzae commentarii in Aristophanem (Groningen, 1960), 4.1, verse 168.

[1] The hairs of the arrested were plucked, a large parsnip was forced into their anus and their skin was burned with charcoals. For example, see Scholia in Lucianum (scholia vetera et recentiora Arethae) 55.9, ed. H. Rabe (Leipzig, 1906): τοὺς μοιχοὺς γὰρ τοιαύτην ἀποτίνειν ἔθος τοῖς παλαιοῖς ποινήν· ἐπὰν γὰρ ἑάλω, μετὰ πολλὰς τὰς ἄλλας τελευτῶντες ῥαφανῖδα (large parsnip) τῇ πυγῇ (meaning anus) τοῦ μοιχοῦ πάνυ ἁδρὰν ἐνεῖρον (forced wide open); Scholia In Aristophanem, Scholia in nubes (scholia vetera) 1083, ed. D. Holwerda, Prolegomena de comoedia. Scholia in Acharnenses, Equites, Nubes (Groningen, 1977): ῥαφανιδωθῇ: τοὺς ἁλόντας μοιχοὺς (men engaged in anal sex) οὕτω ᾐκίζοντο· ῥαφανῖδας (parsnips) λαμβάνοντες καθίεσαν εἰς τοὺς πρωκτοὺς (anus) τούτων, καὶ παρατίλλοντες (plucking hair) αὐτοὺς τέφραν θερμὴν (hot charcoal) ἐπέπασσον βασάνους ἱκανὰς ἐργαζόμενοι; Lucianus, De morte Peregrini, ed. A. M. Harmon (Harvard, 1936), vol. 5, sect. 9: ἁλόμενος διέφυγε, ῥαφανῖδι τὴν πυγὴν βεβυσμένος (he ran with a parshnip in his anus); Hesychius, Lexicon, ed. M. Schmidt, Hesychii Alexandrini lexicon (Halle, -1862): ῥαφανιδωθῆναι>· τοὺς μοιχοὺς ταῖς ῥαφανίσιν ἤλαυνον κατὰ τῆς ἕδρας.

[1] Die Homoerotik in der griechschen Literatur. Lukianos von Samosata (Bonn, 1921).

[1] For example, 26,000 young volunteers came within a short time from the US.

[1] The Amele Taburlari.

[1] See Speros Vryonis Jr, ‘Greek Labour Battalions Asia Minor,’ in The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian (New Jersey, 2007), pp.  275-89.

[1] Hans Licht, Sexual Life in Ancient Greece (London, 1969), p. 397.

[1] Because of their lack of empathy, some homovores are capable of committing horrific crimes. New studies indicate that the least sophisticated homovores often end up in prison for serious crimes…

[1] His last wife Roxane and some of Alexander’s olitical oonents murdered some of his previous wives. The beautiful Barsine was one of them. Statira, the daughter of Darius, was another. Apart from his son with Roxane, he also had another son with a Greek lover in Greece.

[1] Evryalochos.

[1] According to Plutatchos, Alexander, 22.3: εἰς τὸν ὄλεθρον ἀποστέλλειν. Some translators hide the meaning of this phrase, which is a clear instruction to kill.

[1] For a scholarly examination of the evidence deriving from the ancient sources, see the works of Renos, Irkos and Stantis Apostolidis.

[1] The first Christian text which attacked her as a prostitute has been attributed to Tatian the Apologist, second century CE: that is eight centuries after Sappho lived. See Tatian, Oratio 3, ed. cit., p. 270; 25, p. 291; 33, p. 298.

[1] ὄργιον; Harpocration, Lexicon in decem oratores Atticos, ed. W. Dindorf, Harpocrationis lexicon in decem oratores Atticos (Oxford, 1853), vol. 1, p. 224: ὀργιάζειν γάρ ἐστι τὸ θύειν; Nonnus, Paraphrasis sancti evangelii Joannei Demonstratio 4, ed. A. Scheindler (Leipzig, 1881): ἡμεῖς δ’ εὐαγέεσσιν ἀνάπτομεν ὄργια βωμοῖς (we set fire to the orgies on the altars) μυστιπόλῳ, τόπερ ἴδμεν, ἀνευάζοντες ἰωῇ. Maximos of Tyros, Dialexeis 24.5, ed. H. Hobein, Maximi Tyrii philosophumena, (Leipzig, 1910): Δοκοῦσι δέ μοι μηδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν συστήσασθαι ἑορτὰς καὶ τελετὰς θεῶν ἄλλοί τινες, ἢ γεωργοί· πρῶτοι μὲν ἐπὶ ληνῷ στησάμενοι Διονύσου χορούς, πρῶτοι δὲ ἐπὶ ἅλῳ Δημητρὶ ὄργια, πρῶτοι δὲ τὴν ἐλαίας γένεσιν τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ ἐπιφημίσαντες, πρῶτοι δὲ τῶν ἐκ γῆς καρπῶν τοῖς δεδωκόσιν θεοῖς ἀπαρξάμενοι (they were the first to offer the fruits/seeds to the Gods); Nicocrates, Fragmenta, ed. K. Müller (Paris, 1841–1870), fr. t: … Cf. ὀργάς (orgas – agricultural land) and ὀργὴ as related to ergo (work).

[1]  Which derives from the verb ἐρω-έω (meaning ‘I pull together or drive’). See for example Homer, Odyssey 16.441, Iliad 23.433.

[1] A person involved in a sexual relationship is ἀφροδισιάζων.

[1] 20.232-234: Ἶλός τ’ Ἀσσάρακός τε καὶ ἀντίθεος Γανυμήδης, ὃς δὴ κάλλιστος γένετο θνητῶν ἀνθρώπων· τὸν καὶ ἀνηρείψαντο θεοὶ Διὶ οἰνοχοεύειν.

[1] Greece rejoined NATO in 1980.

[1] See, for example, K. Dover, Greek Popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle (Oxford, 1974), pp. 213-16, and the discussion of Dover’s visual discoveries below. Dover was knighted in 1977 and also became President of the British Academy.

[1] K. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (London, 1978), henceforth Dover, 1978.

[1] Stephen Halliwell, Foreword in K. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (London, 2016), p. vii.

[1] Historian Trevor Aston (1925-1985).

[1] Dr Anthony Clare.

[1] For example in Athens, London, Copenhagen, Oxford, Florence, Leipzig, Rome, Munich, Heidelberg, Paris, Nicosia, Berlin, Palermo, Rhodes, Harvard New York, Naples, Boston, Bologna Leiden, Maplewood, Bucarest, Capua, Campano, Mainz, Frankfurt, Lyon, Oslo, Barcelona, Orvieto, Warsaw, Heraklion, Madrid, Thera, Leningrad, Turin, Yale, Tarquinia, Gela, Hanover and more.

 

[1] Ioannis Apokaukos (c.1155-1233), cited by P. Magdalino, ‘Hellenism and Nationalism in Byzantium,’ p. 12.

[1] In the 18th and early 19th centuries many Greek diplomats were trying to connect Vienna, Paris and London to St Petersburg.

[1] R. Walsh, A residence at Constantinople during a period including the commencement, progress and termination of the Greek and Turkish revolutions, 2 vols (London, 1836).

[1] William Leake, Greece at the end of twenty-three years’ protection (London, 1851), p. 3.

[1] Cf. John Pryor, ‘The Problem of Byzantium and the Mediterranean World c.1050-1400,’ pp. 199-211, in Montjoie: Studies in Crusade History in Honour of Hans Eberhard Mayer, eds. B. Kedar et al. (Aldershot, 1997), …

[1] For an introduction to the western primary sources see Zaharias N. Tsirpanlis,  ‘Η άλωση της Κωνσταντινούπολης κατα τις δυτικές πηγές,’ pp. 165-201 in N. G. Moshonas, ed., Η τέταρτη σταυροφορία και ο Ελληνικός κόσμος (Athens, 2008).

[1] Robert S. Lopez, ‘Fulfilment and Diversion in the Eight Crusades,’ pp. 15-26 in Outremer: Studies in the history of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem, presented to Joshua Prawer, eds. B. Kedar et al. (Jerusalem, 1982), (henceforth Outremer), p. 19.

[1] Ralph-Johannes Lilie, Byzanz und die Kreuzfahrerstaaten, trans. J. C. Morris et al., Byzantium and the Crusader States 1096-1204 (Oxford, 1993), p. 250. See also Jennifer Price, ‘Alfonso I and the Memory of the First Crusade: Conquest and Crusade in the Kingdom of Aragon-Navarre,’ pp. 75-94 in Madden et al., ed. cit., p. 79…

[1] J. Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades (London, 2003), (henceforth Harris, Byzantium), p. 162. Cf. idem, ‘Collusion with the infidel as a pretext for western military action against Byzantium 1180-1204,’ pp. 99-117 in Languages of Love and Hate: Conflict, Communication and identity in the Medieval Mediterranean, ed. S. Lambert and H. Nicholson (Turnhout, 2012), for a more balanced view.

[1] Quoted by A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire 324-1453, 2 vols (Madison, 1964), vol. 1, p. 6, who refers to Ramon Llull’s De acquisitione Terrae Sanctae writen in 1309.

[1] Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos and Carl Hopf.

[1] By J. B. Bury. For more information on important Byzantinists see A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire 324-1453 (Madison, 1952²), vol. 1, ch. 1.

[1] For example, for such Byzantinists see Authority in Byzantium, ed. Pamela Anderson (Farnham, 2013), pp. 327-353.

[1] Such as Telesphoros (fl. time of Hadrian), Hyginos (138- ), Eleutherios (175), Anteros (235-), Eleutherios (309), Zosimos (d.418), and Theodoros.

[1] Vigilius (537-55).

[1] Proved a forgery by Lorenzo Valla and Nicholas of Cusa.

[1] Even now it is still used by some as a pretext to promote political agendas. For example, see Blockmans, ed. cit., p. 193.

[1] Leo III.

[1] Patriarch Photios, Pope Nicholas I.

[1] There was no mention of two sources in the original Christian Creed, officially accepted by the Church leaders in 325.

[1] See the works of Liutprand of Cremona.

[1] With the name Silvester II (999-1002).

[1] See ‘Constantinople and Rome: A Survey of the Relations between the Byzantine and the Roman Churches,’ ch. 8 in Milton V. Anastos, Aspects of the Mind of Byzantium, ed. Speros Vryonis Jr and Nicholas Goodhue (Aldershot, 2001).

[1] For example, the army of the Church party known as Guelph defeated Barbarossa in 1176.

[1] Norman Housley, Documents on the Later Crusades, 1274-1580 (London, 1996), (henceforth Housley 1996), p. 6.

[1] See J. Peregnine Horden, The first hospitals: A Global History (Yale, 2019).

[1] Nikephoros himself lived an ascetic life. He favoured monasticism, but wanted a combatant rather than a passive Church.

[1] Warren Tredgold, Byzantium and its Army 284-1081 (Stanford, CA, 1995), p. 138.

[1] Also known as Petcheneg.

[1] See Antonios Vratimos-Chatzopoulos, The two expeditions of the Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes in 1068 and 1069 (Cardiff, 2005), (henceforth Vratimos), p. 154.

[1] Grispin’s forces had earlier fought against the invading Normans who ruined much of Italy in 1066. On the basis of this record, Grispin was trusted by the Greek authorities.

[1] After some Varangians and some Nemitzoi (most probably Austrians), had informed their Greek Emperor.

[1] Spyros Vryonis, The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamisation from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century (Berkeley, CA, 1971), (henceforth Vryonis, The Decline), p. 92, refers to Attaliatis.

[1] See Vratimos, ed. cit., p. 157. Interestingly, Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols (Harmondsworth, 1965), (henceforth Runciman), vol. 1, p. 66 would praise Roussel’s betrayal as ‘prudent treachery.’ Also see Vryonis, The Decline, p. 103.

[1] Cf. Anna Komnene, Alexiad, trans. E. Sewter and P. Frankopan (London, 2009), (henceforth Anna), pp. 9-10, ‘He plundered all the eastern provinces.’

[1] Vratimos, ed. cit., p. 157.

[1] Vryonis, The Decline , pp. 106-108, 111; Vratimos, ed. cit., p. 152.

[1] Nicholas Morton, ‘Encountering the Turks: The First Crusaders. Foreknowledge of their Enemy; Some Preliminary Findings,’ pp. 47-68 in Crusading and Warfare in the Middle Ages: Realities and Representations. Essays in Honour of John France, ed. S. John at al. (Farnham, 2014), p. 61: Amatus of Montecassino is well known for circulating such propaganda, encouraged by the Normans.

[1] For example, see the references provided by Runciman, vol. 1, p. 64. Cf. Bernard Hamilton, ‘Manuel I Comnenus and Baldwin IV,’ pp. 353-75 in Joan Hussey, Festschrift Καθηγήτρια, ed. Julian Chrysostomides (Camberley, 1988), p. 361 that the Greeks maintained powerful military forces even after Myriokephalon.

[1] Quoted by H. E. Cowdrey, ‘Pope Gergory VII’s «Crusading» plans of 1074,’ pp. 27-40 in Outremer, ed. cit., p. 37.

[1] For example, see H. E. Cowdrey, The Register of Pope Gregory VII 1073-1085 (Oxford, 2002), pp. 54-5.

[1] Geoffrey Regan, First Crusader: Byzantium’s Holy Wars (Stroud, 2001), pp. 75-83, 132-4.

[1] Cowdrey, ‘Pope Gergory’, ed. cit., pp. 37-8.

[1] For example, see Angeliki E. Laiou, ‘Byzantium and the Crusades in the Twelfth Century: Why was the Fourth Crusade late in coming?’ pp. 17-40 in Byzantium and the Other: Relations and Exchanges, ed. C. Morrison and R. Dorin (Farnham, 2012), p. 33, (suggesting that Deuil was wrong that there was a threat coming from the Franks against Constantinople); p. 38, (accepting that Barbarossa had no intentions of sacking Constantinople).

[1] Quoted by Harris, Byzantium, p. 53. This speech has survived in different versions, so it is not clear which part of the speech is original. On religious motivations of the ordinary Crusader see Caroline Smith, Crusading in the Age of Joinville (Aldershot, 2006), pp. 75-93.

[1] As the British Professor Peter Frankopan remarked, another main reason so many earlier professors discarded the Alexiad was because it ‘requires thought if it is to be understood properly.’ Peter Frankopan, ‘Greek Sources for the First Crusade,’ pp. 38-52 in Marcus Bull and Damien Kempf, Writing the Early Crusades: text, transmission and memory (Woodbridge, 2014), p. 43.

[1] Cf. Thomas F. Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham, 2014³), (henceforth Madden, Concise), p. 11.

[1] Anonymous, Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum, trans. Somerset De Chair (London, 1945), henceforth Gesta.

[1] Ekkehard, monk of Bamberg.

[1] Priest Tudebode of Civray in Poitou.

[1] Written by Raymond of Aquilers.

[1] Gesta, p. 12. The Longobards and the Germans were separated from the Franks.

[1] Now part of Albania, also known as Epidamnos.

[1] Anna, p. 276.  Cf. Peter Frankopan, The First Crusade: the call from the East (London, 2011), p. 216.

[1] The Crusaders who captured Jerusalem exterminated ‘the pagan people,’ this time meaning the Muslims: Gesta, p. 88… Also see A. Jotischky, Crusading and the Crusader States (Harlow, 2004), pp. 123-6, pp. 128, 130.

[1] Runciman, vol. 1, pp. 134-41. Cf. the Chronicle of Richard of Devizes which reveals that the coronation day of Richard I was marked by a holocaust of the Jews, who were persecuted all over England except at Winchester. More specifically it states that the people of England sacrificed ‘the Jews to their father, the devil.’ See sect. 3 in John de Joinville, Chronicles of the Crusades (London, 1865), p. 3.

[1] Demetrios Letsios, ‘Jewish Communities in the Aegean during the Middle Ages,’ pp. 109-30 in The Greek Islands and the Sea, ed. Julian Chrysostomides et al. (Camberley, 2004). See also Robert Bonfil et al., eds., Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures (Leiden, 2012), introduction, p. 1: ’For a whole millennium, Jewish communities thrived in the Byzantine Empire.’

[1]  Villehardouin, sect. 159.

[1] Bonfil, Jews in Byzantium, introduction, pp. 4, 5.

[1] Gesta, p. 19. One should note here that Raymond Count of Toulouse,…

[1] Gesta, p. 30; pp. 31-3 on support in the regions of Tarsos, Adana, Manustra, Caesarea of Cappadocia, Coxon, Rusa, Marasch; p. 41 on Armenians and Syrians.

[1] Gesta, p. 39: some of the force of the Greek officer Tatikios who accompanied the Crusader army left to gather support and bring food supplies (Gesta calls him enemy later); Tatikios was preparing the way for the Crusade for a long time; Gesta, p. 51, 70: Armenians and Syrians of Antioch, on the side of the Crusaders, exterminated many Muslims…

[1] Gesta, p. 50, spelled Pirros. Some others pronounce this name as Firouz and claim he was an Armenian.

[1] David M. Perry, Sacred Plunder: Venice and the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade (Pennsylvania, 2015), p. 17, quotes Einar Joranson.

[1] See Bohemond’s attack against Dyrrahio (Durazzo). At that time the Venetians were allies of the Greeks.

[1] In the words of Orderic Vitalis, quoted by B. Whalen, God’s Will or Not: Bohemond’s Campaign Against the Byzantine Empire (1105-1108), (Farnham, 2010), pp. 120-121.

[1] King Conrad’s III sister-in-law.

[1] For example, see Jonathan Phillips, The Crusades, 1095-1204 (Abingdon, 2014²), pp. 109-24,…

[1] Otto Freising and his continuator Rahewin, Gesta Friderici I Imperatoris, trans. Charles Christopher Mierow, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarosssa (New York, 1966), (henceforth Freising), p. 54.

[1] Odo of Deuil De profectione Ludovici VII in orientem, ed. and trans., Virginia Gingerick Berry (New York, 1948), (henceforth De profectione), p. 35.

[1] Jonathan Phillips, ‘Odo of Deuil’s De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem as a source for the Second Crusade,’ pp. 80-95 in Marcus Bull and Norman Housley, eds., The Experience of Crusading, vol. 1 (Cambridge, 2003).

[1] Alexios’ son, Ioannis II married Princess Piroska of Hungary.

[1] Such as Corfu, Cephalonia, Rhodes.

[1] By 1187 one more Greek Emperor again renewed tax-free privileges to the Venetians. For Venetian-Greek relations see, for example, Thomas Devaney, ‘Like an Ember Buried in Ashes: The Byzantine-Venetian Conflict of 1119-26,’ pp. 127-47 in Madden et al., ed. cit. For after 1204 see Julian Chrysostomides, Byzantium and Venice 1204-1453, ed. Michael Hesslop et al. (Farnham, 2011).

[1] Freising, pp. 336-7. Freising’s follower Rahewin (also known as Ragewin) added an Appendix to Gesta Friderici. This information is to be found in this Appendix.

[1] R. W. Southern, Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages (Harvard, 1978), p. 75.

[1] For example, see Walter Map, De Nugis Curialium, trans. Montague R. James et al. (London, 1923), p. 96, that the coup made by Andronikos was the fault of the Greeks : ‘Such is Greek faith.’ p. 97: since the Trojan war, ‘there is nothing in any Greek to be proud of, nothing excellent.’

[1] For example see Donald Queller et al., The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople (Philadephia, 1997²), (henceforth Queller et al.), p. 135.

[1] Conrad of Montferrat (d.1192), married to the sister of the next Greek Emperor Isaac Aggelos.

[1] The Chronicle of Magnus Reichersberg, pp. 149-67 in ed. G. A. Loud, The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: the history of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and related texts (Farnham, 2010), (henceforth Reichersberg), p. 153.

[1] See, for example, Michael Angold, The Fourth Crusade (Harlow, 2003), pp. 36-38.

[1] They sent them to their leader, Saladin.

[1] Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, trans. Helen J. Nicholson Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Aldershot, 1997), p. 57. This is a compilation of earlier sources, most of which are of unknown authorship.

[1] Geoffrey De Vinsauf, chapters 20-21 in Chronicles of the Crusades, ed. John de Joinville, Chronicles of the Crusades (London, 1865), (henceforth Vinsauf), pp. 92-94. He refers to the Germans as Latins (a convention at that time for referring to all Western Christians).

[1] Niketas, p. 225. Great work, but Magoulias has mistranslated this passage. Cf. the Greek text, Nicetae Choniatae historia, ed. J. van Dieten (Berlin, 1975).

[1] Under the leadership of Markward von Annweiler (d.1202).

[1] Gesta Innocenti, trans. James M. Powell, The deeds of Pope Innocent III by an anonymous author (Washington, 2004), (henceforth Gesta Innocenti), p. 77.

[1] Isaac was later married to Margaret, daughter of King Bella of Hungary.

[1] Gunther of Pairis, Historia Constantinopolitana, ed. and trans. Alfred J. Andrea (Philadelphia, 1997), (henceforth Pairis), p. 82.

[1] Against Alexios Branas. See Queller et al., pp. 26-30. Conrad, like his elder brother William, was killed in the Holy Land by Muslims.

[1] E.g. Geoffrey de Villehardouin, The Conquest of Constantinople in Chronicles of the Crusades, trans. Caroline Smith (London, 2008), (henceforth Villehardouin), sect. 92-3.

[1] Devastatio Constantinopolitana, ed. Alfred Andrea, ‘The Devastatio Constantinopolitana, a special perspective on the Fourth Crusade: an analysis, new edition and translation’ in Historical Reflections 19.1 (1993), (henceforth, Devastatio), p. 143: Philip sent messengers to the leaders to accept Alexios IV…

[1] Villehardouin, Sect. 111. Alexios Aggelos was in Verona when the Crusaders attacked Zara: Queller et al., p. 64.

[1] Robert of Clari, The Conquest of Constantinople, trans. Edgar Holmes McNeal (New York, 2005), (henceforth Clari), pp. 40-41.

[1] Queller et al., p. 63. Another important point is that many of Zara’s inhabitants were Bogomils, an Eastern Christian denomination…

[1] Also known as Epidamnos.

[1] One led by Ioannis Lagos and another led by Ioannis Komnenos.

[1] Also known as Skyloyannis and Johanitsa.

[1] For the twist of history in Devastatio Constantinopolitana see Alfred Andrea, pp. 107-149, fire at p. 145; Queller et al., p. 175, accepts that the Greeks expelled and did not slaughter the Latin civilians in early March, as they feared they would burn whatever was left standing.

[1] Cf. Alfred J. Andrea, Pairis, p. 29: …

[1] For example see Taxiarchis G. Kolias, ‘Military aspects of the conquest of Constantinople by the Crusaders,’ pp. 123-38 in Urbs Capta: The Fourth Crusade and its Consequences, ed. A. Laiou (Paris, 2005), p. 134: …

[1] See Alicia Simpson, ‘Byzantium’s Retreating Balkan Frontiers,’ pp. 3-22 in Vlada Stankovic, ed., The Balkans and Byzantine World before and after the Captures of Constantinople, 1204 and 1453 (Lanham, 2016).

[1] According to Clari’s variant, numerous defenders were terrified by his friend André de Dureboise, …

[1] Perry, Sacred Plunder, pp. 46-74. Perry analysed the Gesta Innocenti.

[1] Niketas, pp. 357-358. On stolen art and religious treasures see, for example, Robert Nelson, ‘The History of legends and the Legends of History,’ pp. 63-90 in Henry Maguire and Robert Nelson, eds, San Marco, Byzantium and the Myths of Venice (Harvard, 2010); Mabi Angar, Byzantine Head Reliquaries and their Perception in the West after 1204: a case study of the Reliquary of St. Anastasios the Persian in Aachen and Related Objects (Wiesbaden, 2017).

[1] On the Franks and other Westerners conquering additional Greek regions see, for example, Peter Lock, The Franks in the Aegean, 1204-1500 (London, 1995), pp. 254-6.

[1] Search, for example, a number of online videos which present reconstructions of the ancient cities of Constantinople, Pergamos, Alexandria and Antioch.

[1] Cf. The old French Chronicle of Morea, 803-825, trans. Anne Van Arsdall et al. (Farnham, 2015), 45, p. 51: the Greeks were ‘a malicious and false people.’ Madden, Concise, p. 55: the Greeks were perceived as ‘sly, cowardly, double-dealing.’

[1] Married to the daughter of Frederick II of Germany who at that time had been excommunicated by the Pope.

[1] Ilias Giarenis, Η συγκρότηση και η εδραίωση της αυτοκρατορίας της Νίκαιας: ο αυτοκράτωρας Θεόδωρος Α’ Κομνηνός Λάσκαρις (Athens, 2008), pp. 250, 314.

 

 

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INDEX

Aachen 132  

Aartun, Kjell 221

Abaris 67

Absinthioi 222

Abydos 189

Academy of Athens 103, 105

Achaioi (Acheans) 222

Achelōos 233

Achillas 87

Achilles 116, 117, 123

Acropolis 61

Adam, David 116

Adana 257

Adoptionists 240

Adrianople 96, 176

Adriatic 66, 185

Aegean 11, 12, 37, 39, 41-3,

   45-6, 56, 59, 60, 62, 71, 135

Aegyptiaca 86

Aeolos 36, 37; Aeolean 226

Aeolians 36

Aeschines 248

Africa, -n, 12, 21-3, 27, 28, 41, 47,    

   50, 53, 61, 74, 104, 129, 135, 139,      

   207

African Origin Theory 21

Agathopus 240

agriculture 40, 119

Agia Sophia 109, 203

Agio Galas 220

Agios Charalambos cave 227

Aigyptios 220

Aigyptioi (Egyptians) 222

Ainianes 222

Akiva, Navot 235

Albania, -n, 180, 222, 227, 256

Alexander the Great 52, 77, 117,    

118, 206

Alexandria 72, 87, 104, 108

Alexios I 109, 141, 143-5, 147, 148,

 

151, 154-5, 166, 178

Alexios III 178-9, 180-1, 184,

189, 190-2, 196, 200

Alexios IV 180-4, 187-189, 190, 192-

8, 202, 204

Alfanus I of Salerno 143

algebra 72

Amalric 156, 168-9

Amatus of Montecassino 255  

Amazir 59

Amele Taburlari 250  

Amorites 236  

Amphion 60

American 19, 22, 30, 34, 56, 62, 83,

121, 128

Ambracia 225

Ambrose 98

Ammianus Marcellinus 241  

Amphictyonies Leagues 49

Amphictyonis 49

Amphilochia, -eans 225, 245

anastenaria 112

Anastos, Milton V. 254  

Anatolia (see also Asia Minor

below) 138-9, 141

Anaximandros of Miletos 72

Andrea, Alfred J. 262, 264  

Andrew, Apostle 133

Andre de Dureboise 265

Andronikos, Komn. 170-1, 173, 203

Andronikos, Livios 77

Andros 107, 189

Angar, Mabi 266

Angel, John Lawrence 34

Angelou, Athanasios D. 244

Anglican 134

Anna Komnēnē 109, 145, 147-9,  

151-3

anonymous 85, 108, 145, 146, 154,

172, 179, 184

Antaios 59

Antarctica 229

Anteros 253

Antibes 135  

Antichrist 133, 205

Anthili 49, 50

anthropologist, -s, 18, 21, 23, 25-6,

31, 34, 65, 70, 76

anthropology 16, 24, 32

anti-Hellenic; -ism 81, 90-2, 104,

106-7, 110, 116, 120-1, 127, 144,

155, 164, 171, 174-5, 188, 194, 206,

209

Antikythera Calculator 72

Antioch 104, 153-6, 165

Antiphon 52

Aphrodite 206

Apidima cave 214, 219

Apiōn 237

Apokaukos, Ioannis 252

Apollon 4, 50, 60, 67

Apollōnios Mollōn 237

aporafanidosis 114

Arab, -ic, -s 72, 73, 76, 104-5, 139,

141, 155, 169, 174, 179

Arabicists 240

Arcadia, -n, -ns 12, 37, 38, 41, 69,

75, 76

archaeoastronomical, -y 228, 230

Archanthropus 26, 28-30, 32

Archilochos 224

Archimedes 72

Archytas of Tarantas 72

Argo 228

Argos 60, 222

Arianist; -s 94-5, 98-9

Aristarchos of Samos 72

Aristidēs, Apologist 237-8

Aristophanes 113

Aristotle 227, 233, 250

Arkadios 99-101

Armenia; -ns, ioi 57, 67, 80, 81, 115,

125, 138, 139, 153, 155

Armenos 222

Aryan theory, 19

aryballos 62

Asklepios 71

ashes 13, 24, 70, 91, 194

Ashkenazi Jews, 48

Asia; -n; -tic 11, 37, 41, 48, 50, 53,

61-2, 64, 71, 95-6, 126, 138-9, 141,    

166-7, 179, 189, 207

Asia Minor 13, 25, 41, 46, 51, 69, 70,

96, 101, 110-11, 114-5, 126, 135,

138-9, 140-1, 147, 152-3,

156, 163, 165, 170, 177, 189, 207

Asios of Samos 38

Aston, Trevor 251

astronomy 12, 42, 44, 68, 107

Athena 195

Athenagoras 239

Athēnaios 231

Athenean 56 (dialect) 66

Athens 22, 33, 61, 94, 103, 105, 113,

114

Athonite 112

Atlantic 12, 47, 50, 58-9, 61-3

Atlantis 12, 58, 59

Atlas 59, 75

Attalia 164-5

Attalides 108

Attic; -a 70, 111

Audianists 240

Auschwitz 15

Australia 229

Austria; -ns 46, 49, 67, 78-81, 114,

125, 129, 167, 254

Austrobavarian language 229

automata 107, 206

Autoreianos, Michael IV 210  

Babylon 85

Babyloniaca 86

Baghdad 103

Baldwin 202-3, 205, 208

Balkans 12, 25, 37, 40, 41, 43, 46-7,  

57, 61-2, 65-6, 79, 80-1, 96-7, 99-

101, 111, 126, 131, 138, 140, 143,

146, 148-9, 152, 154, 159-60, 166,

175-6, 179, 183, 186, 193, 208-9

Baltic 221, 229

Barbarenland 73

barbarian 9-10, 13, 52, 79, 94-100,

126, 130, 134, 137, 139, 142, 144,

163, 170, 176, 179, 180, 196, 206,    

208

Barbarossa 167, 170, 172-3, 175,  

177, 180

Barber, E. J. W. 222

Barbujani, G. 233

Barsine 250

Basil I   245

Basil the Great 238

BEAN Project 229

Bela of Hungary 167

Belisarios 130

Berlin 63-4

Bernstorfer Berg 221

Berosus 86

Bertha of Sulzbach 156

Bielitsk, Thadaios 212

big bang 72

bilingual 77

Bithynia, 141; Bithynoi 222

Bitsakis, Y. 231

Black Sea 40, 43-4, 48, 53, 57, 67, 74,

111, 141, 207, 209

Blemmydēs, Nikēphoros 247

blitzkrieg 176

Blockmans, Wim   240

blue eyes 67

Bogomils 263

Bohemond 146, 148-51, 153-55

Bohemond III 156

Boniface Marquess of Monferrat  

181-3, 188-9, 201-2

Bosnia 80

Bosphoros 126, 141, 147, 152, 159

Bowersock, G. W. 237

Branas 173, 174

Brandt, Paul (Licht, Hans) 113, 116

Breitinger, Emil 16, 26-9, 31-2

Bridgman, Timothy 230

Britain; -tish; Gr. Britain 5, 16, 18,

34, 56, 60, 64, 66, 80, 82-3, 106, 108,

113-5, 121-2, 125-7, 129, 144, 172

Broad, William 222

Bronze-Age 223, 224, 227

Browning, R. 224, 244  

Brugioni, Dino 212  

bullfighting 112

Bulgaria, -n, 21, 46, 112, 114, 159,

203, 208

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 214

Bury, J. B. 253

Byzantine, -s 9, 78-9, 81, 83-4, 142,

174, 183, 192

Byzantion (Byzantium) 79

Cadiz 58

Caesar 87; (title) 210

Caesarea of Cappadocia 257

Calabrian 247

calcite fossilised 27, 215

California, University of 5, 212

Calvert, Frank 55, 56

Cameron, David 214

Canada 62

canal 86

Canaanites 86, 236

Cànfora, Luciano 236

cannibalism 90

Cantonese 233

Cappadocia; -n 115, 247, 257

Caphthorim 223

Caracalla 74

Caramelli, D. 233

Garigliano 135

Carthaginians 62

Caspian Sea 228

Castlereagh 81

cataclysm 39, 40

Catholic; -ism 134, 142, 145, 172,

182, 188, 196, 201, 204-5, 209

Caucasus 18, 49, 74, 135, 228

Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi 226, 230

Cave of the Cyclops 46

Celtes (Celts); -tic 60, 66, 77, 129

135, 222, 227, 230

Cephalonia 259

ceramic 38, 42, 44, 59, 121

Cer. Calculators 45, 47, 61, 65, 72

Chaldiot 247

Chalkokondylis, Laonicos 75, 235

Challis, Debbie 213

Chapman, John 221, 222

Charanis, Peter 234

Charlemagne 21, 78, 131, 132

China   21, 22, 61, 70, 220

Chinese 19, 20, 50, 61, 76, 108-9, 233

Chios 5, 71, 220, 247

Chosroes 105

Chrēstou, Κ. 244  

Christian Creed 253

Chronicle, Otto St Blasien 176, 261

Chronicle, Rich. Devizes 256, 261

Chrysostomides, Julian 5, 255, 260  

Cicero 234

Cilicia 115

Cincinnati 235

Civilisation of Demeter 49, 57, 65

Clare, Anthony 251

Clari, Robert de 184, 186-9, 191,

195, 199, 203-4

Clark, Anna 248

Classical 20, 38, 48, 50, 52, 65, 71,

73, 107, 116, 245

Claudian, hist., 99

Cleanthis 90

Cleomēdēs 231

Clermont   278

climate; -ic; -ologist 38, 39, 41-2, 46,

63-5, 68, 70, 205

Coakley-Stang 239

Collins, Adrian 213

Conrad III   157-8, 173

Conrad of Montferrat   181

Constantellos, Demetrios   238, 244

Constantine Laskaris 201-2, 204

Constantine the Great 74, 79, 93-4,

106-8, 131

Constantine I, King of Greece 115

Constantine VII Porph. 107-108

Constantinople 10-1, 13, 73-5, 77,

79, 94-7, 99, 101-2, 106-10, 114-5,  

125-7, 129-33, 136-7, 139, 141, 143,

146-52, 154, 158-63, 166-7, 171-4,

177, 179, 181-4, 187-90, 192-210

Constantius 94, 108

constellations 42, 222, 232

Corfu 188, 189, 193, 215, 259

Cornwall 221

Coudenhove Kalergis, Richard 51

coup d’etat   171-2, 178, 197

Cos 71

Cosimo de’ Medici 247

Cowdrey, H. E. 255

Coxon 257

Cranium Sima 5 30

cranio-skeletal 39, 53, 64

Crete; -tans 21, 23, 38, 56-7, 61, 69,

75-6

Croesus 51

cultural 47-9, 52, 62, 68, 106, 108,

110, 136, 164, 211

Cumans 179

Cumbria 22

Cupane, Carolina 244

Curculio 234

Cycladic 226

cyclical 47, 59

Cypro-Minoan 226, 230

Cyprus; iots 49, 56, 58, 65, 70, 74,

82-3, 106, 115, 121, 153, 165, 168,  

174, 178

Dacians (also see Vlachs) 223

Dalmatia 166

Damietta 168-9

Danaos; -oi 220, 222

Dandolo 182, 184-9, 198, 202

Danes 201-204

Danube 67, 74, 95-7

Dardanes 222

Dardanos 39, 40

Darius 250

Dark Ages 17, 73-4, 106, 108, 134,  

204

Darwin 21

da Silva, Candido Marciano 228

Dawson, Charles 18

de Bonis, L. 214

de Gobineau, Arthur 19, 20

Delian League 66

Delos 66

Delphi 50

Demand, Nancy H. 213

Demeter 48-50, 57, 65, 119

Demetrios of Phaleron 87

Democritos 52, 72

Demosthenes   112

Denmark 64

De profectione Lud. VII 158-164

Dershowitz, I. and N. 235

de Solla Price, Derek 231

Deukalion 36

Deuteronomy 85, 86, 88

Devaney, Thomas   260

Devastatio Const. 184-6, 195, 202

devilish 91, 186-7  

Diaspora 20, 50

dialect 36, 60, 66, 75, 76, 111, 145

Diaz-Guardamino, Marta 223

DiGregorio, Chad 219

Diodoros Sik. 39, 40, 60, 66

Diogenis 90

Dionysios the Areopagite 239

Dionysios of Alikarnasos  232, 233

Diophantos of Alexandria 72

Dioscurides Pedanios 72

Dispilio-Vinca 46-7, 56, 61-5

Ditten, H. 244

Dixon, A. 217

Dmanisi 23

DNA 53, 57, 60, 62, 64-7, 83, 213,

221, 226-7, 229-30

Doceticeans 240

Dodone 66

Dodanites 223

Dodones 222

Doliones 222

Donation of Constantine 131  

Doros 36

Dorians 36, 69

Doukas, Alexios 197-202

Douras, King 23

Doveriasis 121

Dover, Kenneth J. 113-4, 119, 122-4

Dover-Licht school 119

Drineas, Petros 227

Dunbabin, T.J. 233

Dyrrahion (Durazzo; Epidamnos)

148, 154, 188, 257

earthquake 42, 44, 47-8, 58, 70

Ebionites 240

Edessa 103

edict 74, 102, 131, 176

Ekonomou Andrew J. 234

Edones 222

Egypt; -ian 40, 46, 57, 60, 63, 71, 86-

7, 112, 150, 167, 168-9, 209, 211,

222, 224, 226-7, 230-1

Eiberg, Hans 230

Ekkehard, monk of Bamberg 255

Electron Spin Resonance 214, 216

El-Greco hominid 22

Eleusina; -ian 60, 111-2

Eleutherios 253

Ellanodikai 51

Ellas (Hellas) 36, 49-50, 53, 76, 90,

94

Ellin (Hellen); -es 36-7, 39, 41, 44-5,

49, 50-2, 59, 62-3, 74-6, 84, 90-2, 94,

98-111, 125

Ellinatlantes; -tic 55, 59, 61-3, 112

Ellinoskythes (-scythes) 67, 223

Ellinotamiai 224

Elm, S. 234

Engels, Friedrich 19

Enuma Elish 218

Ephesos 164

Ephoros 219

Epidamnos: see Dyrrachion

epidemic 69

Epimytheas 36

Epirus (-os); Epirot 40-1, 208-9,

218-20

Epistles 85

Eratosthenes 52, 72

Eretria 233

eros; erotic 120

Eteocretes 228

ethnologists 65

ethnos 36, 50-1

ethos 52

Ethyopes (Ethyopians) 222

Etruscans 76

Eugenius III 157

Eunapios 240

Eurasia; -n   23, 41, 49, 65, 96

Euripides 52

European Union 33, 51, 80

Europe 9-11, 13, 17, 19-22, 28, 30,

34-5, 37, 39-41, 46-8, 50, 53, 55, 57-

9, 61-5, 67, 69, 72-6, 79-82, 84, 104-

7, 110, 114-6, 127-9, 131-2, 134-6,

142, 144, 155, 162, 166, 170, 189,

206-8

Eusebios (-us), 91, 240

Eustratiou, Nikos 220

Euthyphron 212

Eutropios 101

Evagrios 243

Evandros 75-6

Evoia 233

Evryalochos 250

exarchos 242

Exodus 85-6, 88-9

Fabius Pictor 77

Facchini, Fiorenzo 219

Fairchild, Henry Pratt 19, 20

Fairweather, W.  237

Fallmerayer, Jacob Ph. 81-3, 105

famine 69, 70, 89, 153

farmers, farming 41, 60, 65, 68, 94

fatwa 199

Favorinus 231

Feder, Kenneth 212

Feldman, Louis 237

Filioque 133

fisheries 41

fishermen 40

Fisher, Nick 248

Fleischhacker, Hans 15-6, 28

Flemish 183-4, 187, 194, 202

Florence 247, 251

Flower, Michael 224

flying drones 72

folk 111

France 47, 65, 74, 80, 115, 129, 135,

144, 154-5, 157, 165, 170, 183-4

Frankfurt 12, 15, 24, 28-31, 82

Frankish 133, 140, 145, 158-9, 169,

198

Frankopan, Peter 254-7

Franko-Norman 146, 149, 156

Frederick II 267

Freeman, Charles 240

Freeth, T. 231

fresco 61, 136, 227

frying pans 44

Fthioi 222

Gaia 59

Galatia 141

Galenos of Pergamos 72

Galileo Galilei 103

Gallant, Thomas W. 213

Gallego Llorente, M. 220

Gamkrelidze, Thomas 226

Gantt, D. 217

Ganymedes 121, 124

Gauls 135

Gavdos 219

Geffken, Johannes 248

genealogy 49

generic 37, 52, 57, 58-9, 75-6, 95,

138

genes 53-4, 64, 85-6, 88

Genesis 85-6, 88

genetic; -cally; -cists 15, 34, 39, 41,

47, 53-4, 62, 65, 67, 86

Genoa 183, 209

Genoese 167, 171

Gentiles 89, 98, 101-3

Geoffrey De Vinsauf 175-6

Geologist 38-41, 63, 69, 70

Geometric period 62

Georgia 21, 23, 67, 80

Gerbert of Aurillac 133

Gerginoi 222

German-Hun 94-7, 100-1, 104

Germanic 11-3, 18-21, 25, 34, 64-5,

73-5, 78, 79, 81-3, 95, 98, 100-1,

105-6, 129-36, 140-1, 144, 146-7,

149-50, 157, 166, 180, 183, 206

Germanisation 64

Germany 17, 21, 22, 28, 31, 57, 64, 79, 80, 114-6, 175, 181, 183-4, 188

German; -s 11, 13, 15, 17, 21, 24, 26-

33, 55, 64, 66, 74, 79, 80, 82, 84,

113-5, 128, 132-4, 140-2, 145, 147,

149-50, 152, 157-60, 163, 166, 168,

170, 172-3, 175-7, 179-84, 188, 203.

Gesta Francorum 145-53, 158

Gesta Friderici 175

Gesta Innocenti 179, 192, 204-5

Getae (Getes) 223

Ghiroto, S. 233

Giakoumakis, Nikolaos 246

Giannikopoulos, A. B 247

Giarenis, Ilias 267

Giatsēs, S. 243

Gibbon 128

Gierlinski, Gerard 214

Gimbutas, M. 47, 213, 217, 219-22

Giusberti, Gianni 219

glacier 40, 63, 65

Gmirkin, Russell E. 86-7

Gottschalk (Crusader) 150

Gottschalk of Orbais 212

grammarians 103

Gray, L. H. 240

Graia 233

Graikos, Graikoi 76

grammatology 77

Gregory II 130, 132  

Gregory IX 74

Grekanika 247

Griko 247

Grispin, Robert 140, 142

Godfrey of Langes 157

Gods 13, 36, 38, 88-9, 91, 100, 102,

113, 119, 120-1, 219, 236, 242, 251

Gospels 85, 133

Gounaridēs, Paris 231

Graecopithecus Freybergi 214

grain 66, 158, 205

Greeks; Greece: many instances

Greco-Roman; -s 12-3, 35, 64, 73-4,

78, 80-1, 95-6, 100-1, 106-7, 126,

130, 132, 134-6, 138, 140-2, 146,

150, 166-8, 171-2, 175, 210

Goddess 12, 35, 49, 195

Goldstein 234

Goodhue, Nicholas 257

Goths 94-8, 130

grave; -s 45, 91, 206

Grün, Rainer 31

Guelph 254

Guiscard, Robert 143, 146, 158

Gyaros 46

Haak, Wolfgang 229

Hagenau 182

Hall, Edith 224

Hall, Jonathan M. 218

Hallan Cemi 220

Halliwell, Stephen 251

Hamilton, Bernard 255

Hanover 215, 252

Haones 222

haplo-group X2   229

Harapan 226

Harpocration 250

Harris, Jonathan 253, 255, 257-261

Harvard 83

Harvati, Katerina 214, 216

Hebrew 86, 87

Hegel 128  

Heila 76

Heilip 76

Hekataios of Abdera 66

Hekataios (Hecataeus) of Militos

38, 219

Hellas: see Ellas

Hellenic 12, 38, 42-4, 49-53, 57, 60,

66-7, 69-71, 73-7, 81, 84, 86-7, 90-2,

99, 101-4, 106-11, 116, 120-1, 126,

135-7, 155, 164, 172, 174-5, 188,

194, 197, 206-8, 210-11

Hendley, Nate 212

Henke, W. 216

Hennig, G. (Henning) 31

Henry II Jasomirgott 167

Henty, Liz 228

Hephaestion 117

Hera 206

Heracleides 69, 76

Heracleides (-is) Ponticos 233

Herakleios 106, 143, 150

Herculean 51

Hercules 51, 59, 69, 75, 206

Herculis Invicti Ara Max. 232

heretic 19, 74, 105, 154, 256, 263

Herodotos 37, 50-1, 59, 66, 69, 71,  

90

Hermes 222

Herrin, Judith 244  

Herr, W. 216

Heron of Alexandria 72

Hesiod 218, 224

hieroglyphics 226

Hierophant 248

Hila 76

Hindus 76

Hippocrates 71

Hippias 52

History of the Journey to Jer.   145

Hitler, Adolf 79

Hittites 234

Hivites 236

Holy Land 145, 143, 178, 180, 183-

6, 193, 199, 204

Holy Synod   109

Homer; -ic 37, 55, 57, 61, 71, 106,

111, 116, 117, 121

hominid 22

Homininae 21

Homo erectus 21-3, 31

Homo erectus trigliensis 22-3, 31

Homo heidelbergensis 30

Homo pekinensis 22

homophobia; -ic 113, 122-3

Homo sapiens 21, 23

homosexual; -ity 12-3, 98, 113-4,

116-9, 121-4

homovores 117

Hood, Sinclair 226

Hopf, Carl 253

Hoppenbrouwers, P. 240  

Horatius 234

Horden, J. Peregnine 254

Hourmouziadis, G. 221

Housley, Norman 254

Hughes, Ian 240  

Hughey, Jeffery R. 227

Humanism; -st 36, 52, 85, 88, 107,

128

Hungary; -ian 46, 67, 80, 146, 155,

157, 166-7, 203

Hunger, Herbert 247

Huns 94-5, 101

hunter-gatherers 40, 65, 68

Hussey, Joan 255

hybris 13, 113

Hyginos 253

Hyperborean 60, 66-7, 77

Iberia 46, 129, 135

ice 40, 43, 63-5, 67-8

Iconoclast; -ic 106, 131

Iconion (Iconium) 177

Iconophile 106

Ignatius 239-40

Ikeya, Motoji 23-4, 28-9

Iliad 49, 57, 116-7, 121

Ilioi 222

Illyrioi 222

Incas 62

Ingvaneonic 229

Indo-European 57, 213, 219, 222,  

226, 229, 235

Innocent II 156

Innocent III 179, 182, 204-5

inscription 46

International Human Genome 54

internationalism 52

Ioannis, Caesar 141

Ioannis II 155, 166

Ioannis Italos 109

Ioannis Komnenos 263

Ionians 36, 71, 76

Iraq 140

Ireland 44, 58, 60

Irene Angelina 180-1

Irene Torniki Palaiologina 180

Irmscher, J. 247

Iron Age 69, 227

Isaac Aggelos 173-4, 177-8, 180-1,

189-92, 195

Isauria 115

Isidore of Kiev 232

Islam; -ic 10, 13, 72, 74, 79-80, 103-

4, 115, 122, 125, 131, 135-6, 139,

141-2, 144, 149-50, 153-5, 159, 164,

166, 170-72, 174, 189, 191, 209-11

Isocrates 225

Israel 56, 88-9, 91, 102

Isthmian 224

Italy; -ians 12-3, 18, 44, 46-7, 49, 57,  

64-5, 69, 74-6, 78, 98, 100-1, 106,  

108-11, 130-1, 133-5, 140, 143, 146,

149, 155, 157, 166, 168, 172, 175,

177, 179, 180, 183, 203

Itinerarium Peregrinorum 261

Ivanov, Vjaceslav 226

Jacobite 172

Jacobs, J. A. 216-7

Jaeger, W. 234, 248

James, the brother of Jesus 253

Japan 23-5

Jardé, A. 227

Jarrett, Mark 234

Javan 223

Jebel Irhoud 214

Jebusites 236

Jeffreys, E. J. 244, 247

Jenkins, Romilly 82-4, 105

Jerusalem 142, 145, 150, 154, 156,

168, 173-4, 177, 182-3, 185, 188-9,

193

Jevanim 223

Jew; -ish 15, 48, 56, 61, 85, 87, 90-1,  

93, 102-3, 112, 142, 150, 178, 199,

211

Jihad, Jihadists 127, 135, 138, 140,

144, 153, 157

Joel 223

John Chrysostom 91-2, 101

John VII Grammatikos 245

John XII 133

Jones-Bley, Karlene 213

Joranson, Einar 257

Josephson, Nors S. 229

Josephus 90, 102

Jotischky 256

Julian Emperor 75, 92, 94

Jussila, Timo 229

Justin (Martyr, Apologist) 238-9

Justinian 103, 106-7, 130, 150

Jüthner, Julius 244

Juvenalius 234

Juvenalius (Ellin) 111

Kadmos 222

Kakridis, Johannes 248

Kaldellis, Anthony 83-4, 105

Kaloyannis (Skyloyannis, Joh.) 193

Kandavlis 51

Kanellis, A. 215

Kaplanoglou of Kozani 232

Karamanlis, K. senior 215

Kares 223

Karpathos 247

Kaukones 223

Kavvadias, Georgios B. 248

Kazdan, A. 244

Kemal 116

Kiev; -an 138, 214, 232

Kikones 223

Kilikes (Cilicians) 223

King’s College London 83

Kittim 223

Kleisoura canyon and Cave 1 219

Knox, Robert 17-8, 20, 84

Knossos 61

Kober, Alice 56-7

Kocijancic, Gorazd 239

Kokkotos, P. 215

Kolias, Taxiarchis G. 265  

Kopaida 228

Kopaka 219

Komneniasis 178

Kongsberg 221

Koppel, Mosse 235

Koraēs Professor 83

Korission lake 215

Korvin-Piotrovskiy, Aleksey 221

Kosmadaki Zografaki, H. 226

Kosmas Indicopleustes 103

Kosovo 80

Kotsanas, Kostas 231

Koufos, George 214

Koukounas, Demosthenes 217

Kozani 232

Kranaoi 223

Kratis Mallotis (Crates of Mallus)

63, 71

Kriiska, Aivar 229

Kronos 224

Krueger, Paulus 242

Krystones 223

Ktisivios 72

Ktistopoulos, Constantinos 56

Kulikowski, Michael 241

Kunsthistorisches Museum 245  

Kurdistan 49, 140

Kurds 116

Kurten, B. 217

Kydôneans 228

Lacedaemonians 50

Lagos, Ioannis 263

Laiou, Angeliki E. 234, 255, 265

Lake Superior 62

Lamies 248

Lampe, G. 237

Land of Light 36, 53, 76

Lasioderma serricorne 229

Lasithi 227

Laskaris 201-2, 266

Laskaris, N. 221

Latin; -s 18, 48, 55, 75-7, 84, 107,

109, 129-30, 134, 158, 168, 199, 203

Latham, A. G. 215

lawyer; -s 12, 56, 113, 123

Lazaridis, Iosif 217, 222, 229

Lazos, Chrēstos 231

Lazova, Tsvete 230

Leake, William 252  

Lechner, Kilian 244

Legarra Herrero, Borja 223

Leleges 221, 223

Lemerle, P. 243-5, 253

logos 109, 209

Longobards 255

Leo III 106

Leo the Mathematician 107-8

Lesbos; -ian 112, 118-9

Letsios, Demetrios 256

Leviticus 85

Levin, Saul 235

Libanios 94, 98, 225

Licht, Hans 113, 115-7, 119, 122

Light-Giving 112

Lilie, Ralph-Johannes 252, 260

Liman von Sanders, Otto 115

Limnos 40

Linear A; B 55-7

Ling, Johan 227

linguistic 52

Liritzis, Y. (I.) 217, 221

Liverani, Mario 220

Livy 232, 234

Lombardy 185

Lopez, Robert S. 252

Lordkipanidze, David 214

Lotakis, Dimitra M. 227

Louis VII   157, 165

Lucius Cincius Alimentus 77

Ludim (Lydians) 223

Lupercalia 75

lupus 75, 232

Lydia; -n 51, 76

Lycaea 75, 224, 232

Lycaon (Lykaon); -id; -es 75-6, 141,  

223

Lycaonia 141

lycos 76

Lydioi (Lydians) 51, 76, 223

Lysia; -ioi 115, 223

Lysimachos 237

Maccabees 90

Mackenzie Nairn, Alan E. 22

MacLaren, Charles 55-6

Madden, Thomas F. 253, 255, 258-

60, 265, 267  

Magdalino, Paul 244, 252    

Magister militum (Marshal) 241

Magnou-Nortier, É. 242

Magnus of Reichersberg 172-3,

175, 176

Magoulias, Harry 230, 261

Makrē, Euterpē 248

Malta 46, 56

Manchurian 233

Manetho 86

Mango, Cyril 242

Manuel 156, 159, 165, 167-8, 171,

181, 188

Manustra 257

Mani 219

Maniatis, Dimokritos 212

Manichaens 240

Man of Light 36

Manzikert 140, 142

Map, Walter   260

Marah 86

Marasch 257

Marcionites 240

Margaret 261

Maria, daughter of R. Poitiers 156

Maria Komnēnē Manuel’s niece 156

Maria Komnēnē Manuel’s  

daughter 181

Maria Theresia 79

Marreta, Alberto 227

Mariolakos, Ilias 219-20

Markward von Annweiler   261

Maronite 172

Marshall, F. 247

Martial 285

Martin of Pairis   181, 203

Marx, Carl 19

Mastrocinque, Attilio 223

Mastropaolo, Donald 227

Matarisvan 218

Matzanas 219

Mavridis, F. 221

Mavropous 108

Maximos of Tyros 251

Mazower, Mark 236

McNeal, Edgar Holmes 186

Meaden, George T. 222

medical; -cine 72, 104, 106

Mediterranean 9, 35-6, 38, 40, 43,

47-50, 52-3, 56-8, 60-3, 69, 70, 74,

84-5, 106, 135-6, 168, 206-7, 210

Megali Katavothra 228

megaliths; -ic 12, 43, 46-8, 59

Mehlman, M. J. 212

Meillet 227

Meiners, Christoph 213

Melanin 67

melatonin 68

Meleagros 248

Melentis, J. 217

Melheim, Lene 229

Mengele, Josef 15

Menotti, Francesco 221

Menozzi, Luca Paolo 226

mercenary; -ies 13, 96, 100, 134, 137, 139-41, 144, 156, 159, 162, 201

Meshech (Moesians) 223

Mesoamerican 62-3

Mesopotamia 40, 140

Mesoura (Mzora, Mzoura) 59-60

Methodios I   245

Metternich, Prince 80-1, 83, 125

Metzger, David J. 213

Metzger, B. M, 236

micro-nutrients 41

Middle East 44, 46, 74, 81, 86-7,

101, 103-4, 135, 138-9, 153-4, 156,

168, 170, 172, 174, 207

Michael Palaiologos 209

Michael I 132

Michael VII 141

Michalodimitrakis, M. 227

Miki 217

Milan 98, 168

Milankovitć 40

Milos 221

Minoan; -s 12, 56-8, 61, 86, 112

Minos 86

Minyes 61

misogynists 118, 119

Mitropetros, Panagiotis 222

Moisoi (Moesians) 223

Moldavia 46, 67, 80

Mollosoi 223

Monah, Dan 223

Monomachos, Constantine 108

Montanites 240

Montesquieu  128

Morocco 21, 59, 214

Morton, Nicholas 254

Moses 85-6, 89, 90

Moschos, I. 243

Mother Earth 12, 48-9, 57, 119

Mousaios 222

Moussas, Xenophon 44

Muhammad 170, 172

multiregional-origin 21

Munich 82

Munro, J. A. R. 219

Murrill, Rupert Ivan 215-6, 218, 220

Museum of Ancient

       Hellenic Technology 231

music 73, 107, 136

Mutschmann 212

Mycenae; -ean 55, 58

Mygdones 223

Myres, J. L. 222

Myriokephalon 170

Myrmidones 223

Mystakidēs, Vasileios A. 244  

Mysteries (Eleusinian) 111-2

myth 35, 208

mythology 39

Mytilene (Lesbos) 247

Mzora (Mesoura, Mzoura) 59, 60

Mzoura (Mzora, Mesoura) 60

Naassenes 240

Narbonne 135  

NASA 72

NATO 80, 122

Naucratis 224

Nauplio 219

Navas, Patrick A. 227

navigation; -al 44, 68

Naxos 219

Nazi 15, 22-4, 33, 48

Nelson, Robert 266

Nemea 224

Nemitzoi (Austrians) 254

Neolithic 12, 34, 40, 41, 46, 49, 60,

65

New Rome 73, 77, 131

New Testament 85, 91

New York 32, 61

Nicaea 93, 147, 152, 204, 209

Nicene 97

Nicholas I   253

Nicholas of Cusa 253

Nicocrates 251

Nicol, Donald 247

Nikephoros Phokas 133, 137

Niketas Choniates 67, 109, 158,

169, 173, 176, 178, 180-2, 188, 190-

2, 194-8, 200-5

Nikolaos Kannavos 198

Nile 86

Nixey, Catherine 104

Noah 223

nomads; -ic 138, 141, 229

Nordicists 18, 24-5, 69, 78

Norman; -s 13, 109, 133-4, 139-140,

142-4, 146-50, 152, 154-7, 165-8,

172-4, 177, 179, 180, 183, 203

Norway 64, 221

Nothofer, Berd 229

Numbers 85

O’Brien, William 221

observatory 59

obsidian 45

Odo of Deuil 157

Odysseus 248

Old Testament 85

Olympic Games 45, 51

Olympos 46, 100

Omiroupolis 5, 13

Ophites 240

Ophitic 247

orgy; -gies 119-20

Ōrōpos 233

orthognathy 28

ossuary 66

Ostrogorsky, George 247

Otto III 21, 133

Ottoman 80, 82, 114-6, 125

Otto of Freising 258, 260

Ouranopithecus Mac. 214

Ouriakos, Moudros 220

Oxford 9, 16, 123

paedophile; -lia 13, 113-4, 116, 118,

122-4

Paflagones 223

paganism 51, 98

Page, Gill 244

paideia 52

Paiones 223

Palaeolithic 34, 40

Palamidis 222

Paleomagnetism, -tic 30, 214

Paleontology Museum 214

Palestine 102, 159, 178, 209

Palladion (Palladium) 75

Pamphilyans 247

Panagopoulou, Eleni 219

Pandora 36

Panellines, Panhellenic 50-1

Pan-Europa 51

pan-German 82

Pannonians (Hungarians) 223

Papamarinopoulos, S. 58-9

Paparrigopoulos, K. 234, 253

Papastephanou 217

Paphlagonia 115

Paris 23, 79

Parthenon 56

Paschal II 154

Paschou, Peristera 227

Patriarch 91, 101, 108, 110, 131,

133-4, 137, 142-3, 155-6, 179, 203,

210

Patriarchal School 106  

Patroclus 116, 117, 123

Patzinak (Petcheneg) 138, 155  

Pausanias 38, 112

Pavlopetri 48

Pelasgians 36-9

Pelasgos 37-9, 75

Peloponnese 69, 110

Pentateuch 85

Pergamos 72, 108    

Perpherees 66

Perraivoi 223

Perry, David M. 257, 266

Perizzites 236

permafrost 40, 43, 63-5

Persarmenians 155

Persephone 248

Persian-Jewish 150

Persia; -an 51, 87, 95, 103-4, 106,

112, 117, 130, 141, 143, 150, 209,  

211

Peter, Apostle 132

Peter Crusader 201

Peter Cuckoo 145-8, 150

Petralona 23-6, 28-33

Petrosyan, Armen Y. 222

Phaistos 226

Pharmakis, Panagiotis 248

Philip Augustus 182

Philip of Swabia 180-4

Philistines 87

Phillips, Jonathan 192

philosophy; -ers; -ical 35, 44, 50,

58-9, 90, 93-4, 103-5, 107-10, 118,

120, 122-3, 223

Phoenicians 222

Photios 108

Phryges 223

Phthia 36, 49

physicians 72, 103, 117

Piacenza   144

Piazza, Alberto 226, 233

Pikrammenos, Otto 33

Pikrammenos, P. 33

Piltdown Man hoax 18

Pimenta, F. 228

Pindar 112

Pindos 37, 69

piracy 166

Pirenne, J. 234

Piroska 259

Pisa;-n 135, 166-7, 171, 177, 183, 194

Plakias 219

Plato 58-9, 63, 90, 110, 113-4, 123

Plautus 234

Plēthon 110

Plutarchos 52, 59, 62-3

Pneumatomachianists 240

Pohlenz, M. 228

Poles 80

Polish 214

politician;-s 12, 15, 82, 113, 182, 202

Polynesian 63

Pontos 115, 141, 207, 209

Pope 74, 129-33, 142-4, 154, 156-7,

177, 179, 182-3, 186-7, 189, 192-3,

201, 204-6, 209

Porphyrios 242  

Porphyrogenitos 107-108

Poulianos, Aris 22-34, 56

Poulianos, Nikos 5, 25-6

Price, Jennifer 252

priest; -s; -esses 12, 59, 86, 93-4,

112-3, 119, 136, 145, 160, 202

Procas (Prokas) 232

Prokopios 288

progenitor; -s 36, 38

Promytheas 35, 36, 49, 59

prostitute 90, 119, 203

Protestant   134

Protoellines 37, 41, 44-5, 63

Protohellenic 37-8, 45-6, 48, 50, 53,

57, 60, 61, 65-7, 71, 73-4, 76, 86

Protsch von Zieten, Reiner 15-7, 24, 28-33

Protsch, Wilhelm 212

Pryor, John 252

Psellos 108-9

pseudepigrapha 120

Pseudo-Apollodorus 218

Pseudo-Zonaras 233

Psilanthropists 240

psychiatrist 117, 122-4

Psychological Warfare 199

psychology 122

psychosexual   13, 105, 113, 122-3

Ptolemaios Sotēr 87

Ptolemies; -maic 86-7, 108

Putin, Vladimir 215

Pyramid of the Heroes 60

Pyrrha 36-7, 39

Pyrrhos, King 223

Pyrrhos (Pirros), officer 153-4

Pythagoras; -eans 45, 112

Pythagorean Theorem 45

Pythia 224

Queller, Donald 260, 262, 263-6

race; -s; -cial 12, 17-20, 30, 38-9, 51-

4, 73, 78-9, 84, 108

Rahewin 258, 260

Raoul, Count 152

Rapp, Claudia 238

Ras Shamra 85

Raymond of Aquilers   255

Raymond Count of Toulouse 256

Raymond of Poitiers 156-7

Reynald of Châtillon 165

Rea 76

Regan, Geoffrey 255

Reidla, Maere 229

Remus 76

Renier Mont. 181

Rhodes 251

Rigoglioso, Margueritte 223

Riley, Carroll L. 229

Rius–Camps, J.   240

river; -s 40, 65, 70, 126, 177

Robbins Dexter, Miriam 213

Romania 46, 67, 74, 79, 80

Romellines 75

Romulus 76

rosalia 111

Roussel of Bailleul 140-2

Roussos, Louis 44-5

Rowlands, Michael 227

Roxane 117

Royal Island 62

Runciman, Steven 127

Runnels, Curtis 219

Rusa 257

Russia 10, 49, 66-7, 80-1, 106, 138,

157, 210-1

Sabellians 240

Sahara 65

Sahinis, Georgios 219, 228

Sakellion, I. 231

Saladin 260

Salarian Gate 100

Salisbury, Graham J. 228

Salzman, M. R. 237

Samothrace 39, 40

Sampson, Adamantios 221

sanctuary 66

Santorini 62-3, 70-1

Sappho 90, 118-9

Saracen 105

Saradi, Helen 244

Sarmatians 94, 96

Sarrigiannidis, Christos 26

Satan 88, 165

Saxon 18

Scandinavia; -ans 11, 18, 35, 44, 58,

61, 64-6, 144  

schismatic 180

Schliemann, Heinrich 55-7

Schmidt, Hubert 228

Scholarios 110

Schultz, M. 216

Schwarcz, H. P. 215, 217

Scots, Scotsman 55

Scythian 66-7, 69

Séfériadés, Michel 221

seismogenic 41

Seleucids 86

Selloi 76, 233

Semites; -tic 56-7, 86

Senckenberg Centre 214

Serbia; -bs 46, 203

serotonin 68

Sesklo 217, 221, 230

Sextus Empiricus 212

sexual; -ity 118-21, 124

Sfameti Gasparro, Giulia 223

Sheep of God 137, 202      

shipyard 39, 227

Shen, G. 216

Sicily 46, 60, 69, 131, 134, 167, 174,

180, 181

Sickenberg, O. 28, 215

Silverius   130

Silvester II 254

Simonelli, Vittorio 219

Simpson, Alicia 221, 265

Sinaitic 222

Sinties 223

skeletal; -ton 22, 26-7, 32, 34, 39, 53,

64

Skoufos, J. 214

Skoglund, Peter 227

skull 15-6, 23, 25-32, 61, 125

Skythopolis 102

Slavs; -ic 64, 67

Smith, Caroline  

Socrates 63, 104, 114

Socrates Scholasticus Hist. 91, 102

Solon 58

Sorenson, John 229

southern 9, 12-3, 21-2, 37, 47-8, 59,

63-4, 68, 74-5, 95, 107, 134, 207

Southern, R. W. 260

Soviet Union 20, 24-6, 80

Sozomenos, Salaminios H. 241

Spain 64-5, 69, 74, 112, 129, 157

Spartans 50, 114

Speer, Albert 234

Sporades 46

Spyropoulos, Theodoros 228

SS 15-6, 26-8, 30, 32

St. Laurence 62

stalagmite; -s 24, 215

Strabo 38, 112  

stratigraphic 27, 28, 30

Strategopoulos, Alexios 209  

Statira 250

Stamatoyannopoulos, G. 227

Stamatoyannopoulos, J. 227

steam powered canons 72

Stephanos of Byzantium 233

Stephen III 167-8

Stephen of Blois 153

Stilicho 99, 100  

Strasser, Thomas 219

Stromatography 214-5

Sultan 116

Swabian 229

Swinside 222

Switzerland 15, 129

Sweden 64

Syria; -ns 74, 80, 102, 115, 150, 153,

170, 209

Syriopoulos, Konstantinos 218, 220

Tapani, Rodstedt 229

Tarsos 257

Tassi, F. 233

Tatakis, Basilios 231, 246

Tatian (Apologist) 238

Tatikios 257

Telesippe 117

Telesphoros 253

temple 48, 59-61, 66-7, 88, 94, 97,

100-1, 108, 119

Temple of the Stars 59, 61

Ten Thousand Army 224

Terberger, Thomas 212

Teukroi 223

Thebes 60

Thecla of Seleucia 240

Theodora, Isaac’s sister 181

Theodore Studitēs 245

Theodoretos of Kyros 101

Theodoros Pope 228

Theodosios 94, 96-100, 107

Theophanes Confessor 243

Theophanô 21

Theophilos (Apologist) 238

Thessalonica 26-7, 98, 109, 173, 180,

208

Thessalos 76, 233

Thessaly 38, 40-1, 46, 49, 65, 71-2,

76, 99

Thomann, Klaus Dieter 212

Thrace 115

Thrakes 223

Thucydides 36-7

Tibetan 233

Titan 35-6, 49, 59, 75

Titus Quinctius Flamininus 234

tobacco insect 63

Torah 85-90

Toronto 20

Trapezountiac 247

Transcaucasia 140

Tredgold, Warren 254

Triki, Trikala 71

Tripolskaya 221

Tripyllia 221

Trombley, F. R. 242

Troy 55, 71

Trojan 37, 75

Tsakonika 247

Tsikritzis, Minas 44, 226, 228

Tsirpan 214

Tsirpanlis, Zaharias N. 252

tsunami 58

Tudebode of Civray 255

Turkestan 228

Turkey 10, 80, 115-6, 138, 189

Tyrrinoi-Tyrsinoi 223

United States 19

Urban II 144

Valcamonica 227

Valens 95-6

Valentinians 240

Valla, Lorenzo 253

van Binsbergen, Wim M. J. 213

Van Nuffelen, Peter 241

Vandal; -s 99, 101

Varangians 201

Vardas 245

Vasiliev, A. 239, 253

Vasilikopoulou Ioannidou 244-5

Vatatzis, Ioannis 74, 209

Venetian; -s 142, 166-8, 171, 179,

182-8, 190, 193-4, 203, 206

Venice 166-7, 182-6, 188, 207-9

Ventris, Michael 56-7

Verona 262

Vienna 16, 28, 81

Vigilius 253

Villehardouin 182-5, 189-197, 200-

1, 204, 208

Vinca 46-7, 56, 61, 65, 221-2, 226

Virgil 232

Virgin Mary 136, 199, 200, 202

Visaltes 223

vitamin D 67

Vlachs 179, 203, 208

Voiôn 48, 57

Voiōtia 233

volcanic, volcanic ash 23, 62-3, 70

von Eicken, Heinrich 241

von Moltke 236

Voltaire 128

Votoi 223

Vratimos-Chatzopoulos 254

Vryges 223

Vryonis, Speros 235, 244, 250

Ugarit; -ic 230, 235

Ukraine 46, 66-7

Uruk 223

Wade, Nicholas 212

Wallace-Hadrill, A. 232-4

Walsh, R. 252

Webert, E. 216

Wharton, A. 244

Wilhelm, Kaiser 79

wine-cupbearer 121

Wintle, A. G. 216-7

Wolf, Hieronymous 78, 84

Wolves of God 137

Woodward, Jamie 229

World Order 71, 81

Woudhuizen, Fred C. 213

WWII 22, 24, 28, 51, 82

Xenophon 249

Xerigorgos 148

Xīlà 76

Xirotiris, Nikolaos 24, 29-32

Xouthos 36

Yahuda, Joseph 235-6

Yanchilina, Anastasia G. 220

Yokohama, Y. 216

Yunan 76

Yūnānī 104

Zamolxis 223

Zara 183-8

Zeus 38, 49, 75, 88, 121, 124

Zosimos historian 99

Zosimos Pope 253